Додатак:1000 Japanski osnovne reči

じかん、時間 – time (jikan)
とき、じ、時 – ~hours (toki, ji)
こよみ、カレンダー、暦 – calendar (koyomi, karendā)
ふん、分 – minute (fun)
びょう、秒 – second (byō)
ひ、にち、日 – day (hi, nichi)
つき、がつ、月 – month (tsuki, gatsu)
(# -gatsu / (January,1st Month): Ichi-,Ni-,San-,Shi-,Go-,Roku-,Shichi-,Hachi-,Ku-,Jyu-,JyuIchi-,JyuNi- (December,12th Month)
とし、ねん、年 – year (toshi, nen)
(Last year: kyonen, this year: kotoshi, next year: rainen),
きのう、さくじつ、昨日 – yesterday (kinō, sakujitsu)
きょう、今日 – today (kyō)
あした、あす、みょうにち、明日 – tomorrow (ashita, asu, myōnichi)
あさ、朝 – morning (asa)
(Yesterday morning: kinou no asa, this morning: kesa, tomorrow morning: ashita no asa)
ひる、昼 – afternoon (hiru)
ゆうがた、夕方 – evening (yūgata)
ばん、晩 – evening (ban)
よる、夜 – evening, night (yoru)
ようび、曜日 – ~day (yōbi)
しゅう、週 – week (shū)
(Last week: senshū, this week: konshū, next week: raishū)
いっしゅうかん、一週間 – one week (isshūkan)

Week Days[uredi]

にちようび、日曜日 – Sunday (nichi-yōbi)
げつようび、月曜日 – Monday (getsu-yōbi)
かようび、火曜日 – Tuesday (ka-yōbi)
すいようび、水曜日 – Wednesday (sui-yōbi)
もくようび、木曜日 – Thursday (moku-yōbi)
きんようび、金曜日 – Friday (kin-yōbi)
どようび、土曜日 – Saturday (do-yōbi)

Weather[uredi]

たいよう、太陽 – sun (taiyō)
つき、月 – moon (tsuki)
ほし、星 – star (hoshi)
てんき、天気 – weather (tenki)
はれ、晴れ – clear weather (hare)
あめ、雨 – rain (ame)
くもり、曇り – cloudy (kumori)
ゆき、雪 – snow (yuki)
かぜ、風 – wind (kaze)
かみなり、雷 – thunder, lightning (kaminari)
たいふう、台風 – typhoon (taifū)
あらし、嵐 – storm (arashi)
そら、空 – sky (sora)

Directions and positions[uredi]

きた、北 – north (kita)
ひがし、東 – east (higashi)
みなみ、南 – south (minami)
にし、西 – west (nishi)
ここ – here (koko)
そこ – there (soko)
あそこ – over there (asoko)
みぎ、右 – right (migi)
ひだり、左 – left (hidari)
うえ、上 – above, up (ue)
した、下 – below, down (shita)
まえ、前 – front (mae)
うしろ、後 – behind (ushiro)
むこう、向こう – the other side, opposite side (mukō)
ななめ、斜め – diagonal (naname)
てまえ、手前 – nearer, more in front (temae)
とおい、遠い – far (tooi)
ちかい、近い – near, close (chikai)

Materials[uredi]

みず、水 – water (mizu)
ゆ、湯 – hot water (yu)
こおり、氷 – ice (kōri)
ゆげ、湯気 – steam (yuge)
ひ、火 – fire (hi)
ガス – gas (gasu)
くうき、空気 – air, atmosphere (kūki)
つち、土 – earth, ground (tsuchi)
きんぞく、金属 – metal, metallic (kinzoku)
どろ、泥 – mud, mire, clay, plaster (doro)
けむり、煙 – smoke, tobacco, opium (kemuri)
てつ、鉄 – iron [Fe] (tetsu)
どう、銅 – copper [Cu] (dō)
きん、金 – gold [Au]; money (kin)
ぎん、銀 – silver [Ag]; wealth (gin)
なまり、鉛 – lead [Pb] (namari)
しお、塩 – salt [NaCl] (shio)

Weights and measures[uredi]

メートル – meter (mētoru)
リットル – litre (rittoru)
グラム – gram (guramu)
キロ – kilo- (kiro)
ミリ – milli- (miri)
センチメートル, センチ – centimeter (senchi)
インチ – inch (inchi)

Society[uredi]

しゃかい、社会 – society (shakai)
けいざい、経済 – economy, economics (keizai)
かいしゃ、会社 – company (kaisha)
かいぎ、会議 – meeting (kaigi)
がっこう、学校 – school (gakkō)
やくしょ、役所 – local government office (yakusho)
みせ、店 – store (mise)
ホテル – hotel (hoteru)
こうじょう、工場 – factory (kōjō)
かね、金 – money (kane, most commonly o-kane)
さつ、札 – bill [of money, e.g., a thousand-yen bill] (satsu)
こぜに、小銭 – small change (kozeni)
つりせん、釣り銭、おつり、お釣り – change (tsurisen), change (o-tsuri)
じどうはんばいき、自動販売機 – vending machine, slot machine (jidōhanbaiki)
きっぷ、切符 – ticket (public transport, fine) (kippu)
きって、切手 – stamp (kitte)

Human made objects[uredi]

Home[uredi]

つくえ、机 – desk (tsukue)
いす、椅子 – chair, position (isu)
たたみ、畳 – a tatami mat (tatami)
と、戸 – door, family (to)
とびら、扉 – door panel (tobira)
ドア – door (doa)
まど、窓 – window (mado)
ふとん、布団 – futon (futon)
げんかん、玄関 – entrance (genkan)
いえ、家 – house, home (ie)
エレベーター – elevator (erebētā)
エスカレーター – escalator (esukarētā)
でんき、電気 – electricity (denki)

Tools[uredi]

くぎ、釘 – nail, spike (kugi)
ひも、紐 – string, cord (himo)
なわ、縄 – rope, string (nawa)
ふくろ、袋 – pocket, bag (fukuro)
かばん、鞄 – leather bag (kaban)
かさ、傘 – umbrella, parasol (kasa)
かぎ、鍵 – door bolt, key (kagi)
ちょうこく、彫刻 – sculpture, engraving (chōkoku)

Stationery[uredi]

ぶんぼうぐ、文房具 – quill(bunbōgu)
インク – ink (inku)
ペン – pen (pen)
ボールペン – ball-point pen (bōrupen)
まんねんひつ、万年筆 – fountain pen (mannenhitsu)
えんぴつ、鉛筆 – pencil (enpitsu)
ふで、筆 – brush for writing or painting (fude)
チョーク – chalk (chōku)
けしゴム、消しゴム – eraser (keshigomu)
えんぴつけずり、鉛筆削り – pencil sharpener (enpitsu-kezuri)
じょうぎ、定規 – ruler (jōgi)
ノート – notebook (nōto)
にっき、日記 – diary (nikki)
カバー – book cover (kabā)
ふうとう、封筒 – envelope (fūtō)
はさみ、鋏 – scissors (hasami)
ホッチキス – stapler (hotchikisu)

Clothes[uredi]

ふく、服 – clothes (fuku)
ようふく、洋服 – western clothing (yōfuku)
きもの、着物 – kimono (kimono)
わふく、和服 – Japanese clothing (wafuku)
そで、袖 – sleeve (sode)
えり、襟 – lapel, collar (eri)
ボタン – button (botan)
チャック、ファスナー、ジッパー – zipper, zipper fastener (chakku, fasunā, jippā)
ベルト – belt (beruto)
くつ、靴 – shoe (kutsu)
くつした、靴下 – sock (kutsushita)
めがね、眼鏡 – glasses (megane)

Transport[uredi]

てつどう、鉄道 – railway (tetsudō)
えき、駅 – station (eki)
ひこうき、飛行機 – airplane (hikōki)
くうこう、空港（ひこうじょう、飛行場） – airport (kūkō, hikōjō)
みち、道 – street, way, road (michi)
どうろ、道路 – road (dōro)
バスてい、バス停 – bus-stop (basutei)
とおり、通り – avenue (tōri)
でんしゃ、電車 – train (densha)
くるま、車 (じどうしゃ、自動車) – car (kuruma, jidōsha)

Language[uredi]

もじ、文字 – letter, character, script (moji)
じ、字 – a letter, character (ji)
かんじ、漢字 – Chinese character (kanji)
ひらがな、平仮名 – hiragana syllabary characters (hiragana)
カタカナ、片仮名 – katakana syllabary characters (katakana)
すうじ、数字 – numbers (sūji)
アルファベット – alphabet (arufabetto)
ローマ字 – Roman characters, Latin script (rōmaji)

がいこくご、外国語 – foreign language (gaikokugo)
にほんご、日本語（こくご、国語） – Japanese [language] (nihongo)
えいご、英語 – English [language] (eigo)
ちゅうごくご、中国語 – Chinese [language] (chūgokugo)
どいつご、ドイツ語 – German [language] (doitsugo)
すぺいんご、スペイン語 – Spanish [language] (supeingo)
ふらんすご、フランス語 – French [language] (furansugo)
ちょうせんご、朝鮮語、かんこくご、韓国語 – Korean [language], South Korean [language] (chōsengo, kankokugo)

Media[uredi]

ほん、本 – book (hon)
かみ、紙 – paper (kami)
てがみ、手紙 – letter (tegami)
しんぶん、新聞 – newspaper (shinbun)
じしょ、辞書 – dictionary (jisho)
パソコン – personal computer (pasokon)

Colors[uredi]

いろ、色 – color (iro, shikisai)
あか、赤 – red (aka)
きいろ、黄色 – yellow (kiiro)
みどり、緑 – green (midori)
あお、青 – blue (ao)
むらさき、紫 – purple (murasaki, murasakiiro)
しろ、白 – white (shiro)
くろ、黒 – black (kuro)
ピンク – pink (pinku)
ちゃいろ、茶色 – brown (chairo)
はいいろ、灰色、ねずみいろ、鼠色 – grey (haiiro, nezumiiro)
オレンジ – orange (orenji)

Others[uredi]

え、絵 – picture (e)
おんがく、音楽 – music (ongaku)
りか、理科 – science (rika)
さんすう、算数 – arithmetic (sansū)
れきし、歴史 – history (rekishi)
ちり、地理 – geography (chiri)
たいいく、体育 – physical education (taiiku)
スポーツ – sport (supōtsu)
システム – system (shisutemu)
じょうほう、情報 – information, news (jōhō)
ひつよう、必要 – necessity (hitsuyō)
べんきょう、勉強 – study (benkyō)
いらい、依頼 – request (irai)

Numbers[uredi]

れい、ゼロ、零 – zero (rei, zero)
いち、一 – one (ichi)
に、二 – two (ni)
さん、三 – three (san)
よん、し、四 – four (yon, shi)
ご、五 – five (go)
ろく、六 – six (roku)
なな、しち、七 – seven (nana, shichi)
はち、八 – eight (hachi)
きゅう、く、九 – nine (kyū, ku)
じゅう、十 – ten (jū)
ひゃく、百 – hundred (hyaku)
せん、千 – thousand (sen)
まん、万 – ten thousand (man)
おく、億 – one hundred million (oku)
ひとつ、一つ – one, one thing (hitotsu)
ふたつ、二つ – two, two things (futatsu)
みっつ、三つ – three, three things (mittsu)
よっつ、四つ – four, four things (yottsu)
いつつ、五つ – five, five things (itsutsu)
むっつ、六つ – six, six things (muttsu)
ななつ、七つ – seven, seven things (nanatsu)
やっつ、八つ – eight, eight things (yattsu)
ここのつ、九つ – nine, nine things (kokonotsu)
とお、十 – ten, ten things (tō)

Abstract nouns[uredi]

これ – this, it (kore)
それ – that (sore)
あれ – that over there (are)
どれ – which (dore)
こちら、こっち – this direction, thing, person, or place (kochira, kocchi)
そちら、そっち – that direction, thing, person, or place (sochira, socchi)
あちら、あっち – that direction, thing, person, or place over there (achira, acchi)
どちら、どっち – which direction, thing, person, or place (dochira, docchi)
ひみつ、秘密 – secret (himitsu)
じどう、自動 – automatic (jidō)
ないよう、内容 – content (naiyō)
はば、幅 – hem, piece, strip (haba)
せいしき、正式 – formality (seishiki)
けっこん、結婚 – marriage (kekkon)
げんざい、現在 – now (genzai)
いま、今 – now (ima)
かこ、過去 – past (kako)
みらい、未来 – future (mirai)

Adjectives[uredi]

Forms[uredi]

いい、よい、良い – good (ii, yoi)
すごい、凄い – amazing (sugoi)
すばらしい、素晴らしい – wonderful (subarashii)
わるい、悪い – bad, inferior (warui)
たかい、高い – expensive, high (takai)
ひくい、低い – low (hikui)
やすい、安い – cheap (yasui)
おおきい、大きい – big (ōkii)
ちいさい、小さい – small (chiisai)
ほそい、細い – thin (hosoi)
ふとい、太い – thick (futoi)
ふるい、古い – old (furui)
あたらしい、新しい – new (atarashii)
わかい、若い – young (wakai)
かるい、軽い – light, easy (karui)
おもい、重い – heavy (omoi)
やさしい、易しい – easy, simple (yasashii)
むずかしい、難しい – difficult (muzukashii)
やわらかい、柔らかい – soft (yawarakai)
かたい、硬い、堅い – hard (katai)
あつい、熱い、暑い – hot (atsui)
つめたい、冷たい – cold (tsumetai)
さむい、寒い – cold (samui)
おいしい、美味しい – delicious (oishii)
うまい、美味い、旨い – delicious, appetizing (umai)
まずい、不味い – tastes awful (mazui)
あまい、甘い – sweet (amai)
からい、辛い – hot [spicy] (karai)
しょっぱい、塩っぱい – salty (shoppai)
にがい、苦い – bitter (nigai)
うつくしい、美しい – beautiful (utsukushii)

Feelings[uredi]

うれしい、嬉しい – happy (ureshii)
たのしい、楽しい – fun (tanoshii)
かなしい、悲しい – sad (kanashii)
さびしい、寂しい、淋しい – lonely (sabishii)
さみしい、寂しい、淋しい - sad, lonely (samishii)
こわい、怖い、恐い – scary (kowai)
いたい、痛い – painful (itai)
かゆい、痒い – itchy (kayui)
くさい、臭い – stinky (kusai)
つらい、辛い – painful, heart-breaking (tsurai)

Verbs[uredi]

する – to do (suru)
やる – to do (yaru)

Existence[uredi]

いる – to exist [for animate objects] (iru)
ある – to exist [for inanimate objects] (aru)
なる – to become (naru)
おこる、起こる、興る – to occur (okoru)
あらわれる, 現れる – to appear (arawareru)
いきる、生きる – to live (ikiru)
うむ、生む、産む – to give birth (umu)
しぬ、死ぬ – to die (shinu)
こわれる, 壊れる – to breakⁱⁿ (kowareru)

ⁱⁿ intransitive sense

Movement[uredi]

いく、行く – to go (iku)
くる、来る – to come (kuru)
かえる、帰る、返る – to return (kaeru)
あるく、歩く – to walk (aruku)
とぶ、飛ぶ – to jump, to fly (tobu)
およぐ、泳ぐ – to swim (oyogu)

Actions[uredi]

うごく、動く – to moveⁱⁿ (ugoku)
おどる、踊る – to dance (odoru)
ねる、寝る – to sleep (neru)
うたう、歌う – to sing (utau)
かむ、噛む – to bite (kamu)
たべる、食べる – to eat (taberu)
のむ、飲む – to drink (nomu)
さわる、触る – to touch (sawaru)
なげる、投げる – to throw (nageru)
もつ、持つ – to hold (motsu)
うつ、打つ – to hit, to strike (utsu)
なぐる、殴る – to hit, to strike (naguru)
さす、指す – to point (sasu)
さす、刺す – to stab (sasu)
さす、差す – to raise or extend one's hands (sasu)
ける、蹴る – to kick (keru)
すわる、座る – to sit (suwaru)
たつ、立つ – to stand (tatsu)
はしる、走る – to run (hashiru)

Changes of state[uredi]

あく, 空く – to become unoccupied (aku)
こむ, 込む – to be crowded (komu)
いる, 要る – to need (iru)
かわく, 乾く – to become dry (kawaku)
みだす, 乱す - to disturb, to disarrange (midasu)
みだれる, 乱れる - to be disturbed, to become confused (midareru)
つかえる, 仕える - to serve, to work for (tsukaeru)
そなわる, 備わる - to be furnished with (sonawaru)
すぐれる, 優れる - to excel, to surpass (sugureru)
ひえる, 冷える - to grow cold, to get chilly, to cool down (hieru)
さめる, 覚める - to wake, to become sober, to be disillusioned (sameru)
さめる, 冷める - to cool down (sameru)
むく, 向く - to face, to turn toward (muku)
たおれる, 倒れる - to fall, to collapse (taoreru)
かたまる, 固まる - to harden, to solidify, to become firm (katamaru)
うまる, 埋まる - to be filled, to be surrounded, to overflow (umaru)
うもれる, 埋もれる - to be buried, to be covered (umoreru)
ます, 増す - to increase, to grow (masu)
ふえる, 増える - to increase, to multiply (fueru)
へる, 減る - to decrease (heru)
はずれる, 外れる - to deviate (hazureru)
ふとる, 太る - to grow fat (futoru)
はじまる, 始まる - to begin (hajimaru)
おわる, 終わる - to finish, to close (owaru)
きめる, 決める - to decide (kimeru)

Senses[uredi]

みる、見る – to see (miru)
きく、聞く、聴く – to hear, to listen (kiku)
さわる、触る – to touch, to feel (sawaru)
かぐ、嗅ぐ – to smell (kagu)

Speech[uredi]

いう、言う – to say (iu)
はなす、話す – to speak (hanasu)
かたる、語る – to tell (kataru)
かく、書く – to write (kaku)
よむ、読む – to read (yomu)

Work[uredi]

つかう、使う – to use (tsukau)
つくる、作る、造る、創る – to make (tsukuru)
なおす、直す、治す – to fix, repair (naosu)
すてる、捨てる – to discard, throw away (suteru)
とる、取る、撮る、採る – to take (toru)
おく、置く – to put (oku)

Emotions[uredi]

かなしむ、悲しむ、哀しむ – to be sad (kanashimu)
なく、泣く – to cry (naku)
わらう、笑う – to laugh (warau)
おこる、怒る – to be angry (okoru)
ほめる、褒める – to encourage (homeru)
しかる、叱る – to scold (shikaru)
よろこぶ、喜ぶ – to celebrate, to be jubilant, to have joy, to have delight, to have rapture (yorokobu)
よろこび、喜び – joy, delight, rapture (yorokobi)
なぐさめる、慰める – to console, to consolate, to provide empathy (nagusameru)
あきる、飽きる – to be disinterested, to be bored, to be tired of, to be weary (akiru)
おどろく、驚く – to be astonished, to be surprised, to be scared (odoroku)

Activities[uredi]

あう、会う – to meet, to interview (au)
あける、開ける – to open^tr, to unwrap^tr (akeru)
あそぶ、遊ぶ – to play (asobu)
あつまる、集まる – to gatherⁱⁿ (atsumaru)
うる、売る – to sell (uru)
える、得る – to obtain [some benefit or knowledge] (eru)
おる、折る – to break^tr, to fold^tr (oru)
かう、買う – to buy (kau)
きる、切る – to cut (kiru)^†
きる、着る – to wear [on the upper body] (kiru)
はく、履く – to wear [on the lower body] (haku)
かえる、変える – to change^tr (kaeru)
かえる、代える – to exchange, to substitute, to replace (kaeru)
しめる、閉める – to close^tr (shimeru)
しめる、締める – to tie, to fasten (shimeru)
しめる、占める – to comprise, to account for (shimeru)
しる、知る – to know (shiru)^†
つかれる、疲れる – to get tired (tsukareru)
でかける、出掛ける – to go out, to depart (dekakeru)
はたらく、働く – to work [e.g., at a job] (hataraku)
はなす、放す、離す – to let go of (hanasu)
やすむ、休む – to rest, to take a break, to go to bed (yasumu)
わかれる、分かれる – to split intoⁱⁿ, to be divided (wakareru)
わかれる、別れる – to partⁱⁿ, to separateⁱⁿ, to break upⁱⁿ (wakareru)

^tr transitive sense

ⁱⁿ intransitive sense

^† conjugates as a u-verb

Adverbs[uredi]

もう – already (mō)
まだ – still, yet (mada)
ずっと – always (zutto)
とても – very (totemo)
こう – like this (kō)
そう – like that (sō)
ああ – in that other way (ā)
どう – how (dō)
しばしば – often (shibashiba)

Pre-noun adjectival[uredi]

この – this (kono)
その – that (sono)
あの – that (ano)
どの – which (dono)

Interjections[uredi]

はい – yes (hai)
いいえ – no (iie)

Conjunctions[uredi]

でも - but (demo)
しかし – but, however (shikashi)
そして – and then, Then… (soshite)
それに – besides (soreni)
なぜなら – that is because, being because (nazenara)

Terminations of verbs[uredi]

う、よう – volitional ending [う for u-verbs, よう for ru-verbs]: "Let's…" or "I will" (u, yō)
せる、させる – causative ending [せる for u-verbs, させる for ru-verbs]: to make [someone do something], to allow (seru, saseru)
れる、られる – passive verb ending [れる for u-verbs, られる for ru-verbs]: to be <verbed> [e.g., 食べられる, "to be eaten"] (reru, rareru)
そうだ – indicates that it seems the verb occurs [e.g., "It seems he ate"] (sōda)
た – informal past-tense (ta)
たい – indicates desire to perform verb (tai)
だろう – indicates that it seems the verb occurs; also used to ask whether the verb occurs (darō)
ない, ん – informal negative (nai, n) [ん is a slurred version and sounds a little masculine]
ぬ – archaic informal negative ["he hath", "thou didst", etc.] (nu)
ます – formal non-past ending (masu)

Particles[uredi]

Case[uredi]

が – subject marker, but (ga)
で – at, by (de)
と – and, with (to)
に – indirect object marker (ni)
の – possession marker, of (no)
へ – to (e) [Note: へ is normally read he, but when used as this particle its reading changes to e]
まで – to (made)
から – from (kara)
より – than (yori)
を – direct object marker (o)

Conjunctive[uredi]

および、及び – and; as well as (oyobi)
か – whether (ka)
かも – might be, possible that (kamo)
そして – and then (soshite)
それとも – or (soretomo)
だの – things like <list of things>, including, such things as (dano)
つつ – ongoing occurrence (tsutsu) [similar to ながら but has different tone, and both actions have equal weight]
て – te form of verb or adjective [see explanation]
と – when, if, that (to)
ながら – while, though, both (nagara)
ならびに – as well as (narabini)
なり – whether or not (nari)
に – to <somewhere>, by <someone> (ni)
の – possession (no)
ので – so (node)
また、又 – also, again (mata)
または、又は – or alternatively (matawa)
も – also, too (mo)
や – and (ya)

Final[uredi]

ね – emphasis and question marker, equivalent to "right?" (ne)
か – question marker (ka)
な – the copula particle used after quasi-adjectives (na)
かしら – I wonder (kashira)
さ – -ness (sa)
っけ – particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information ["What class is next -kke?"] (-kke)

Adverbial[uredi]

こそ – emphasis (koso)
さえ – even (sae)
しか – only (shika)
すら – even (sura)
くらい、ぐらい – approximately, about (kurai)
だけ – only, as much as (dake)
だって – however (datte)
ったら – casual topic marker (ttara) [colloquial form of to ittara (if you refer to ~; as for ~]
って – said that (tte)
でも – also, or (demo)
どころ – (particle used to indicate that what precedes it is an extreme example and strongly negates it) (dokoro)
など – for example (nado)
なら – if [for verbs]; subject marker [for nouns] (nara)
なんか – casual undervalue, dislike, lack (nanka)
なんて – casual undervalue, dislike, lack (nante)
は – topic marker (wa) [although ha is the hiragana used, wa is the pronunciation)
ばかり、ばっかり – just, full of, only (bakari)
まで – until (made)
も – too, also (mo)