中國

Kineski

	middle; center; within middle; center; within; among; in; while (doing sth); during; China; Chinese; hit (the mark)	country; state; nation
trad. (中國)	中	國
jedn. (中国)	中	国
Literally: “middle country; central country”.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinjin): Zhōngguó

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ

(Chengdu, SP): Zong¹ gue²

(Dungan, Ćirilica and Wiktionary): Җunguй (I-II) / Җunguә (I-II)
Kantonski
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): zung¹ gwok³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): zuung¹ gok²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Chûng-koet

(Meixian, Guangdong): zung¹ guêd⁵
Min Dong (BUC): Dṳ̆ng-guók
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): Tiong-kok

(Teochew, Peng'im): dong¹ gog⁴
Wu (Wiktionary): tson koq (T1)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinjin: Zhōngguó
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jonggwo
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguó
  - Wade–Giles: Chung¹-kuo²
  - Sinological MFA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ kwɔ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: Zong¹ gue²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: Zunggue
  - Sinological MFA ^(key): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Ćirilica and Vikirečnik: Җunguй (I-II) / Җunguә (I-II)
  - Sinological MFA ^(key): /t͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/, /t͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuɤ⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Kantonski
- (Standard Kantonski, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zung¹ gwok³
  - Yale: jūng gwok
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ gwok⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ guog³
  - Sinological MFA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Vikirečnik: zuung¹ gok²
  - Sinological MFA ^(key): /t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng-koet
  - Hakka Romanization System: zung´ gued`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zung¹ gued⁵
  - IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴ ku̯et̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: zung¹ guêd⁵
  - IPA: /t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Dṳ̆ng-guók
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(k-)ŋuɔʔ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-kok
  - Tâi-lô: Tiong-kok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diongkog
  - MFA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/
  - MFA (Penang): /tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/
  - MFA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/
  - MFA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dong¹ gog⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tong kok
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: tson koq (T1)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊʔ²¹/

Middle Chinese: /ʈɨuŋ/

Rime
Character	中
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	陟弓切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈiuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuwŋ/
Li Rong	/ȶiuŋ/
Wang Li	/ȶĭuŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung¹

This entry informacije o izgovoru. Ako ste upoznati sa IPA onda molim Vas dodajte nešto!
Particularly: “Gan”

This entry informacije o izgovoru. Ako ste upoznati sa IPA onda molim Vas dodajte nešto!
Particularly: “Jin”

This entry informacije o izgovoru. Ako ste upoznati sa IPA onda molim Vas dodajte nešto!
Particularly: “Xiang”

This entry informacije o izgovoru. Ako ste upoznati sa IPA onda molim Vas dodajte nešto!
Particularly: “Min Bei”

Etymology 1

Wikipedia has articles on:

中國 (Pisano Standardni Kineski^?)
中國 (Kantonski)
中國 (Klasični)
中國 (Gan)
Chûng-koet (Hakka)
Dṳ̆ng-guók (Min Dong)
Tiong-kok (Min Nan)
中國 (Vu)

Earliest attested on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun. See Names of China#Zhongguo.

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Proper noun

中國

China (a country in Asia; capital: Beijing)
中國的首都是北京。 [MSC, trad.]
中国的首都是北京。 [MSC, simp.]
Zhōngguó de shǒudū shì Běijīng. [Pinyin]
The capital of China is Beijing.

他現在在中國旅行。 [MSC, trad.]
他现在在中国旅行。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā xiànzài zài Zhōngguó lǚxíng. [Pinyin]
He's travelling around China right now.

你喜歡中國文學嗎？ [Taiwanese Mandarin, trad.]
你喜欢中国文学吗？ [Taiwanese Mandarin, simp.]
Nǐ xǐhuān Zhōngguó wénxué ma? [Pinyin]
Do you like Chinese literature?

中國和平崛起／中国和平崛起 ― Zhōngguó hépíng juéqǐ ― China's peaceful rise

中國社會科學院／中国社会科学院 ― Zhōngguó shèhuìkēxuéyuàn ― the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

中國典籍英譯／中国典籍英译 ― Zhōngguó diǎnjí yīngyì ― English translations of Chinese classics

Usage notes

This word referred to various states and regions throughout history:

Western Zhou Dynasty [1046–771 BCE]:
the region controlled by the Western Zhou Dynasty, covering the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi, as well as the basin between the Yellow River and the Luo River.
Eastern Zhou Dynasty [770–221 BCE]:
all of the upper reaches of the Yellow River.
Since Qin Dynasty [221 BCE–1911 CE]:
the land controlled by the imperial regime of the Central Plain - i.e. the ancestors of modern China.
After the Xinhai Revolution [1911 CE]:
shorthand for 中華民國／中华民国.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China [1949 CE]:
shorthand for 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国.

Synonyms

(China):

edit

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Derived terms

Izvedeni termini od 中國

Noun

中國

(Classical) royal court; imperial court; imperial household; imperial government
(Classical) central part of a country Galicijski
- 惠此中國，以綏四方。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  惠此中国，以绥四方。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Huì cǐ zhōngguó, yǐ suí sìfāng. [Pinyin]
  Let us cherish this centre of the kingdom,
  To secure the repose of the four quarters of it.
- 我欲中國而授孟子室。 [MSC, trad.]
  我欲中国而授孟子室。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: Mencius-L
  Wǒ yù zhōngguó ér shòu Mèngzǐ shì. [Pinyin]
  I wish to give Mencius a house, somewhere in the middle of the kingdom.
(Classical) the Central Plain Galicijski
- 莅中國而撫四夷 [MSC, trad.]
  莅中国而抚四夷 [MSC, simp.]
  From: Mencius
  lì zhōngguó ér fǔ sìyí [Pinyin]
  to rule over the Central Plain and pacify the neighbouring foreign peoples
- 吾聞中國之君子，明乎禮義而陋於知人心。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  吾闻中国之君子，明乎礼义而陋于知人心。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE
  Wú wén Zhōngguó zhī jūnzǐ, míng hū lǐyì ér lòu yú zhī rénxīn. [Pinyin]
  I have heard that the superior men of these Middle States understand the (subjects of) ceremony and righteousness, but are deplorably ignorant of the minds of men.
(Classical) people of the Central Plain

Synonyms

n

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n (archaic) 國中／国中
n 中土, 中原, 中州

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (中國):

Japanese: 中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (Chūgoku)
Korean: 중국 (中國, Jungguk)
Vietnamese: Trung Quốc (中國)

Others:

→ Bouyei: Zungyguef
→ Engleski: Middle Kingdom (calque)
→ Finski: Keskustan valtakunta (calque)
→ Francuski: Empire du Milieu (calque)
→ Nemački: Reich der Mitte (calque)
→ Hlai: Dongxgok (via Hainanese)
→ Indonesian: Tiongkok (via Hokkien)
→ Kyrgyz: Žuңgo (Cuñgo)
→ Lü: ᦷᦋᧂᧈᦷᦅᧉ (tsong¹ko²)
→ Manchu: ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (calque)
→ Mongolian: ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (dumdadu ulus) (calque)
→ Portugalski: Reino Médio (calque), Reino do Meio (calque)
→ Sichuan Yi: ꍏꇩ (zho guop)
→ Tibetan: ཀྲུང་གོ (krung go)
- Dzongkha: ཀྲུང་ཀོ (krung ko)
→ Uyghur: جۇڭگو‎ (junggo), Җuңgo (Junggo) (Cyrillic)
Wutunhua: zhungo
→ Zhuang: Cunghgoz, Cungguek

Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing od Japanski 中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (Chūgoku), from Kineski 中國 (MC ʈɨuŋ, “the central part of a country”).

Proper noun

中國

(～地方, ～地區) the Chūgoku region of Japan
- 這裡的中國是指日本的中國地方，即指本州西部的岡山、廣島、山口、島根、鳥取 5 縣。 [MSC, trad.]
  这里的中国是指日本的中国地方，即指本州西部的冈山、广岛、山口、岛根、鸟取 5 县。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2004, 于沛, 中国社会科学院世界历史研究所学术论文集（1964-2004）：古代中世纪卷[1]
  Zhèlǐ de Zhōngguó shì zhǐ Rìběn de Zhōngguó Dìfāng, jí zhǐ Běnzhōu xībù de Gāngshān, Guǎngdǎo, Shānkǒu, Dǎogēn, Niǎoqǔ 5 xiàn. [Pinyin]
  Here, 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó) refers to the Chūgoku region of Japan, or the five prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Shimane, and Tottori that lay in the western region of Honshū.

Etymology 3

Script error: The function "semantic_loan" does not exist. (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā; see Karashima, 2010) or मध्येषु जनपदेषु m pl (madhyeṣu janapadeṣu, “in [the] central countries”) (Abhidharmakośakārikā); as opposed to the 邊地／边地 (“borderlands; frontiers”), from Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रत्यन्तिम (pratyantima) / प्रत्यन्त (pratyanta) or Pali paccantima. Cognate to the Pali majjhimesu janapadesu (locative, literally “in the middlemost countries”) in the text parallel to the Ekottara Āgama in the Pali Canon.

Noun

中國

(Buddhism) "central countries"; lands with advanced civilization and other conditions helpful for teaching Buddhism

Japanski

Kanji in this term
中	國
ちゅう Stepen: 1	こく > ごく Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

Za izgovor i definicije od 中國 – vidi 中国. (Ovaj pojam, 中國, je an alternative spelling of the above terms.)

(Sledeći unos je nestvoren: 中国.)

Korejski

Hanja in this term
中	國

Proper noun

中國 (Jungguk) (hangeul 중국)

Hanja form^? of 중국 (“China”).

Vijetnamski

Hán tự in this word
中	國

Proper noun

中國

Hán tự form of Trung Quốc, “China”

Zhuang

Proper noun

中國

Sawndip form of Cunghgoz