中國

Takođe pogledajte: 中国

Jezici (2)

Middle Korean • Zhuang

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Strana kategorija

Kineski

		middle; center; within middle; center; within; among; in; while (doing sth); during; China; Chinese; hit (the mark)	country; state; nation
trad. (中國)		中	國
jedn. (中国)		中	国
Literally: “middle country; central country”.

Etymology 1

Earliest attested on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun. See Names of China#Zhongguo.

隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷吿于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]

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隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷告于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: He zun inscription, translated by Pankenier (2013)

Wéi Wǔwáng jì kè Dàyìshāng, zé tíng gào yú Tiān, yuē: yú qí zhái zī Zhōngguó, zì zhī yì mín. [Pinyin]

When King Wu conquered the great city Shang, he then made reverent declarations to Heaven, saying: "Let me dwell in this, the central region, and from here govern the people."

Proper noun

中國

1. 中國和平崛起／中国和平崛起  ―  Zhōngguó hépíng juéqǐ  ―  China's peaceful rise

   中國社會科學院／中国社会科学院  ―  Zhōngguó shèhuìkēxuéyuàn  ―  the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

   中國典籍英譯／中国典籍英译  ―  Zhōngguó diǎnjí yīngyì  ―  English translations of Chinese classics

   干涉中國內政／干涉中国内政  ―  gānshè Zhōngguó nèizhèng  ―  to interfere in China's internal affairs

   中國的首都是北京。 [MSC, trad.]
   中国的首都是北京。 [MSC, simp.]

   Zhōngguó de shǒudū shì Běijīng. [Pinyin]

   The capital of China is Beijing.

   他現在在中國旅行。 [MSC, trad.]
   他现在在中国旅行。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tā xiànzài zài Zhōngguó lǚxíng. [Pinyin]

   He's travelling around China right now.

   你喜歡中國文學嗎？ [MSC, trad.]
   你喜欢中国文学吗？ [MSC, simp.]

   Nǐ xǐhuān Zhōngguó wénxué ma? [Pinyin]

   Do you like Chinese literature?

   • 伏以佛者，夷狄之一法耳，自後漢時流入中國，上古未嘗有也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     伏以佛者，夷狄之一法耳，自后汉时流入中国，上古未尝有也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 819, Han Yu, 論佛骨表／论佛骨表

     Fú yǐ Fó zhě, yídí zhī yī fǎ ěr, zì Hòuhàn shí liúrù Zhōngguó, shànggǔ wèicháng yǒu yě. [Pinyin]

     We humbly think that Buddhism is bearly a religion of barbarians, which migrates into China and is not found in our ancestry.

   • 問者曰：四夷、十國，皆非中國之有也，四夷之封爵朝貢則書，而十國之不書何也？曰：以中國而視夷狄，夷狄之可也。以五代之君而視十國，夷狄之則未可也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     问者曰：四夷、十国，皆非中国之有也，四夷之封爵朝贡则书，而十国之不书何也？曰：以中国而视夷狄，夷狄之可也。以五代之君而视十国，夷狄之则未可也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 11th century, Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties

     Wènzhě yuē: Sìyí, Shíguó, jiē fēi Zhōngguó zhī yǒu yě, Sìyí zhī fēngjué cháogòng zé shū, ér Shíguó zhī bù shū hé yě? Yuē: yǐ Zhōngguó ér shì yídí, yídí zhī kě yě. Yǐ Wǔdài zhī jūn ér shì Shíguó, yídí zhī zé wèikě yě. [Pinyin]

     Someone asks, "The Four Barbarians and Ten Nations are not Chinese. Why do you describe the barbarian contributions but not ten nations'?" We reply, "Viewing from Chinese on barbarians, one shall barbarize them; Viewing from Five Dynasties on Ten Nations, one shall not."

   • 唐人到彼，皆不與之言及中國糞壅之事，恐為所鄙。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     唐人到彼，皆不与之言及中国粪壅之事，恐为所鄙。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 1300, 周達觀／周达观 (Zhou Daguan), 真臘風土記／真腊风土记 (The Customs of Cambodia)

     Tángrén dào bǐ, jiē bù yǔ zhī yánjí Zhōngguó fèn yōng zhī shì, kǒng wéi suǒ bǐ. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 國之語音，異乎中國，與文字不相流通，故愚民有所欲言，而終不得伸其情者多矣。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]

     From: c. 1446,, Sejong the Great, 訓民正音／训民正音 (Hunminjeongeum)

     The national voice is different to that in China, with scripts mutually unintellegible. Thus, our humble people have some to say, but many could not express their feelings.

   • 自我朝入主中土，君臨天下，并蒙古極邊諸部落，俱歸版圖，是中國之疆土開拓廣遠，乃中國臣民之大幸，何得尚有華夷中外之分論哉！ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     自我朝入主中土，君临天下，并蒙古极边诸部落，俱归版图，是中国之疆土开拓广远，乃中国臣民之大幸，何得尚有华夷中外之分论哉！ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 1730,, Yongzheng Emperor, 大義覺迷錄／大义觉迷录

     Zì wǒ cháo rùzhǔ zhōngtǔ, jūnlín tiānxià, bìng Ménggǔ jíbiān zhū bùluò, jù guī bǎntú, shì Zhōngguó zhī jiāngtǔ kāituò guǎngyuǎn, nǎi Zhōngguó chénmín zhī dàxìng, hédé shàngyǒu huáyí zhōngwài zhī fēn lùn zāi! [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 有幾多樹木呢？中國人烟稠集，樹木無多。 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
     有几多树木呢？中国人烟稠集，树木无多。 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

     From: 1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, A Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 345

     jau⁵ gei² do¹ syu⁶ muk⁶ ne¹? zung¹ gwok³ jan⁴ jin¹ cau⁴ zaap⁶, syu⁶ muk⁶ mou⁴ do¹. [Jyutping]

     How much of it is forest? The population of China being very dense, the forests cannot be extensive.

Usage notes

This word referred to various states and regions throughout history:

• Western Zhou Dynasty [1046–771 BCE]:

  the region controlled by the Western Zhou Dynasty, covering the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi, as well as the basin between the Yellow River and the Luo River.

• Eastern Zhou Dynasty [770–221 BCE]:

  all of the upper reaches of the Yellow River.

• Since Qin Dynasty [221 BCE–1911 CE]:

  the land controlled by the imperial regime of the Central Plain - i.e. the ancestors of modern China.

• After the Xinhai Revolution [1911 CE]:

  shorthand for 中華民國／中华民国.

• After the founding of the People's Republic of China [1949 CE]:

  shorthand for 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国.

Synonyms

• (China):

• 中國／中国
• 中華／中华
• 支那 (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
• 唐山
• 桃花石 (obsolete)
• 至那 (obsolete)
• 震旦 (archaic)
• 中 (abbreviation)
• 中原
• 九州
• 神州 (literary)
• 脂那 (obsolete)
• 猜拿 (transliteration of English China)
• 種花家／种花家 (slang, humorous)
• 華／华 (abbreviation)
• 華夏／华夏
• 諸夏／诸夏
• 諸華／诸华
• 赤縣／赤县 (literary)
• 赤縣神州／赤县神州 (literary)
• 域中 (literary, figurative)
• 天朝 (historical or Internet slang)
• 天下 (lofty)

 

Derived terms

• 中國中心主義／中国中心主义
• 中國之春／中国之春
• 中國人／中国人
• 中國人民的老朋友／中国人民的老朋友
• 中國人民解放軍／中国人民解放军
• 中國佬／中国佬
• 中國僑聯／中国侨联
• 中國內地／中国内地
• 中國共產黨／中国共产党
• 中國化／中国化
• 中國圖／中国图
• 中國城／中国城
• 中國大陸／中国大陆
• 中國威脅論／中国威胁论
• 中國字／中国字
• 中國學／中国学
• 中國崩潰論／中国崩溃论
• 中國工農紅軍／中国工农红军
• 中國式／中国式
• 中國性／中国性
• 中國文字／中国文字
• 中國本土／中国本土
• 中國海／中国海
• 中國特色／中国特色
• 中國畫／中国画
• 中國科大／中国科大
• 中國科學院／中国科学院
• 中國結／中国结
• 中國芒／中国芒
• 中國菜／中国菜
• 中國話／中国话
• 中國語／中国语
• 中國超新星／中国超新星
• 中國通／中国通
• 中國風／中国风
• 傷害中國人民的感情／伤害中国人民的感情
• 中媒
• 新中國／新中国
• 自由中國／自由中国
• 舊中國／旧中国
• 赤色中國／赤色中国

 

Noun

中國

1. (Classical) royal court; imperial court; imperial household; imperial government
2. (Classical) central part of a country Galicijski

   • 惠此中國，以綏四方。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     惠此中国，以绥四方。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Huì cǐ zhōngguó, yǐ suí sìfāng. [Pinyin]

     Let us cherish this centre of the kingdom,
     To secure the repose of the four quarters of it.

   • 我欲中國而授孟子室。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     我欲中国而授孟子室。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wǒ yù zhōngguó ér shòu Mèngzǐ shì. [Pinyin]

     I wish to give Mencius a house, somewhere in the middle of the kingdom.

3. (Classical) the Central Plain Galicijski

   • 欲辟土地，朝秦楚，莅中國而撫四夷也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     欲辟土地，朝秦楚，莅中国而抚四夷也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Yù pì tǔdì, cháo Qín Chǔ, lì Zhōngguó ér fǔ sìyí yě. [Pinyin]

     You wish to enlarge your territories, to have Qin and Chu wait at your court, to rule the Middle Kingdom, and to attract to you the barbarous tribes that surround it.

   • 吾聞中國之君子，明乎禮義而陋於知人心。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     吾闻中国之君子，明乎礼义而陋于知人心。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE

     Wú wén Zhōngguó zhī jūnzǐ, míng hū lǐyì ér lòu yú zhī rénxīn. [Pinyin]

     I have heard that the superior men of these Middle States understand the (subjects of) ceremony and righteousness, but are deplorably ignorant of the minds of men.

   • 江左地促，不如中國；若使阡陌條暢，則一覽而盡。故紆餘委曲，若不可測。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     江左地促，不如中国；若使阡陌条畅，则一览而尽。故纡余委曲，若不可测。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: Liu Yiqing (editor), A New Account of the Tales of the World, 5^th century CE

     Jiāngzuǒ dì cù, bùrú Zhōngguó; ruò shǐ qiānmò tiáochàng, zé yī lǎn ér jìn. Gù yūyú wěiqū, ruò bùkě cè. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

4. (Classical) people of the Central Plain

   • 金人所以立劉豫於河南，蓋欲荼毒中原，以中國攻中國。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     金人所以立刘豫于河南，盖欲荼毒中原，以中国攻中国。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1345 CE, Toqto'a (lead editor), History of Song

     Jīn rén suǒyǐ lì Liú Yù yú Hénán, gài yù túdú Zhōngyuán, yǐ Zhōngguó gōng Zhōngguó. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

• (royal court):

• 上國／上国 (as termed by vassal states)
• 國家／国家 (Classical Chinese)
• 公家
• 公庭
• 朝廷
• 王家
• 王朝
• 王室
• 皇朝
• 皇室
• 世 (literary, or in compounds)

 

• (central part of a country): (archaic) 國中／国中
• (the Central Plain): 中土, 中原, 中州

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (中國):

• → Japanski: 中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (Chūgoku)
• → Korejski: 중국(中國) (Jungguk)
• → Vijetnamski: Trung Quốc (中國)

Others:

• → Bouyei: Zungyguef
• → Engleski: Middle Kingdom (calque)
• → Finski: Keskustan valtakunta (calque)
• → Francuski: Empire du Milieu (calque)
• → Nemački: Reich der Mitte (calque)
• → Hlai: Dongxgok (via Hainanese)
• → Indonesian: Tiongkok (via Hokkien)
• → Kyrgyz: Žuңgo (Cuñgo)
• → Lü: ᦷᦋᧂᧈᦷᦅᧉ (tsong¹ko²)
• → Manchu: ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ
  ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (calque)
• → Mongolski: ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ
  ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (dumdadu ulus) (calque)
• → Portugalski: Reino Médio, Reino do Meio (calque) (calque)
• → Nuosu: ꍏꇩ (zho guop)
• → Tibetan: ཀྲུང་གོ (krung go)
  • Dzongkha: ཀྲུང་ཀོ (krung ko)
• → Uyghur: جۇڭگو (junggo), Җuңgo (Junggo) (Cyrillic)
• Wutunhua: zhungo
• → Zhuang: Cunghgoz, Cungguek

Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing od Japanski 中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (Chūgoku), from Kineski 中國 (MC ʈɨuŋ, “the central part of a country”).

Proper noun

中國

1. (～地方, ～地區) the Chūgoku region of Japan

   • 這裡的中國是指日本的中國地方，即指本州西部的岡山、廣島、山口、島根、鳥取5縣。 [MSC, trad.]
     这里的中国是指日本的中国地方，即指本州西部的冈山、广岛、山口、岛根、鸟取5县。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 2004, 于沛, 中国社会科学院世界历史研究所学术论文集（1964-2004）：古代中世纪卷[1]

     Zhèlǐ de Zhōngguó shì zhǐ Rìběn de Zhōngguó Dìfāng, jí zhǐ Běnzhōu xībù de Gāngshān, Guǎngdǎo, Shānkǒu, Dǎogēn, Niǎoqǔ 5 xiàn. [Pinyin]

     Here, 中國／中国 refers to the Chūgoku region of Japan, or the five prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Shimane, and Tottori that lay in the western region of Honshū.

Etymology 3

(Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā; see Karashima, 2010) or मध्येषु जनपदेषु m pl (madhyeṣu janapadeṣu, “in [the] central countries”) (Abhidharmakośakārikā); as opposed to the 邊地／边地 (“borderlands; frontiers”), from Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रत्यन्तिम (pratyantima) / प्रत्यन्त (pratyanta) or Pali paccantima. Cognate to the Pali majjhimesu janapadesu (locative, literally “in the middlemost countries”) in the text parallel to the Ekottara Āgama in the Pali Canon.

Noun

中國

1. (Buddhism) "central countries"; lands with advanced civilization and other conditions helpful for teaching Buddhism

Japanski

Kanji in this term
中	國
ちゅう Stepen: 1	こく > ごく Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

Za izgovor i definicije 中國 – see the following entry: 中国

(The following entry is uncreated: 中国.)

Korejski

Hanja in this term
中	國

Proper noun

中國 (jungguk) (hangeul 중국)

1. Hanja form^? of 중국 (“China”).

Middle Korean

Etymology

Pozajmljeno od Middle Chinese 中國 (MC ʈɨuŋ, literally “central country”).

Pronunciation

• MFA^(ključ): /tjùŋkúk/

Proper noun

中國 (*TYÙNG.KWÚK)

1. • 1459, 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해 (Hunminjeongeum Eonhae):

     나랏〮말〯ᄊᆞ미〮'"`UNIQtemplatestyles0000002CQINU`"'中듀ᇰ國국〮에〮달아〮

     nàlá-s mǎlssòm-í TYÙNG.KWÚK-éy tàlGá

     The language of the country being different from China

Descendants

• Korejski: 중국 (jungguk), 즁국 (jungguk), 듕국 (dyungguk)

Vijetnamski

Hán tự in this word
中	國

Proper noun

中國

1. chữ Hán form of Trung Quốc (“China”).

Zhuang

Proper noun

中國

1. Sawndip form of Cunghgoz