中國

Кинески

		middle; center; within middle; center; within; among; in; while (doing sth); during; China; Chinese; hit (the mark)	country; state; nation
трад. (中國)		中	國
једн. (中国)		中	国
Literally: “middle country; central country”.

Pronunciation

• Мандарин

  (Стандард)

  (Пинјин): Zhōngguó

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

  (Chengdu, SP): Zong¹ gue²

  (Dungan, Ћирилица and Wiktionary): Җунгуй (I-II) / Җунгуә (I-II)

• Кантонски

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): zung¹ gwok³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): zuung¹ gok²

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): Chûng-koet

  (Meixian, Guangdong): zung¹ guêd⁵

• Min Dong (BUC): Dṳ̆ng-guók

• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): Tiong-kok

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dong¹ gog⁴

• Wu (Wiktionary): tson koq (T1)

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• Мандарин
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Пинјин: Zhōngguó
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jonggwo
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguó
    • Wade–Giles: Chung1-kuo2
    • Sinological МФА ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ kwɔ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: Zong¹ gue²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: Zunggue
    • Sinological МФА ^(key): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Ћирилица and Викиречник: Җунгуй (I-II) / Җунгуә (I-II)
    • Sinological МФА ^(key): /t͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/, /t͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuɤ⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Кантонски
  • (Стандард Кантонски, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: zung¹ gwok³
    • Yale: jūng gwok
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ gwok⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ guog³
    • Sinological МФА ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Викиречник: zuung¹ gok²
    • Sinological МФА ^(key): /t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng-koet
    • Hakka Romanization System: zung´ gued`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zung¹ gued⁵
    • IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴ ku̯et̚²/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: zung¹ guêd⁵
    • IPA: /t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: Dṳ̆ng-guók
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(k-)ŋuɔʔ²⁴/
• Мин Нан
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Penang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-kok
    • Tâi-lô: Tiong-kok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diongkog
    • МФА (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/
    • МФА (Penang): /tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/
    • МФА (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/
    • МФА (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dong¹ gog⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tong kok
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: tson koq (T1)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊʔ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /ʈɨuŋ/

Rime
Character	中
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	陟弓切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈiuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuwŋ/
Li Rong	/ȶiuŋ/
Wang Li	/ȶĭuŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung1

Etymology 1

Earliest attested on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun. See Names of China#Zhongguo.

Proper noun

中國

1. China (a country in Asia; capital: Beijing)

   中國的首都是北京。 [MSC, trad.]
   中国的首都是北京。 [MSC, simp.]

   Zhōngguó de shǒudū shì Běijīng. [Pinyin]

   The capital of China is Beijing.

   他現在在中國旅行。 [MSC, trad.]
   他现在在中国旅行。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tā xiànzài zài Zhōngguó lǚxíng. [Pinyin]

   He's travelling around China right now.

   你喜歡中國文學嗎？ [Taiwanese Mandarin, trad.]
   你喜欢中国文学吗？ [Taiwanese Mandarin, simp.]

   Nǐ xǐhuān Zhōngguó wénxué ma? [Pinyin]

   Do you like Chinese literature?

   中國和平崛起／中国和平崛起  ―  Zhōngguó hépíng juéqǐ  ―  China's peaceful rise

   中國社會科學院／中国社会科学院  ―  Zhōngguó shèhuìkēxuéyuàn  ―  the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

   中國典籍英譯／中国典籍英译  ―  Zhōngguó diǎnjí yīngyì  ―  English translations of Chinese classics

Usage notes

This word referred to various states and regions throughout history:

• Western Zhou Dynasty [1046–771 BCE]Шаблон:tracking/defdate/hyphen:

  the region controlled by the Western Zhou Dynasty, covering the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi, as well as the basin between the Yellow River and the Luo River.

• Eastern Zhou Dynasty [770–221 BCE]Шаблон:tracking/defdate/hyphen:

  all of the upper reaches of the Yellow River.

• Since Qin Dynasty [221 BCE–1911 CE]Шаблон:tracking/defdate/hyphen:

  the land controlled by the imperial regime of the Central Plain - i.e. the ancestors of modern China.

• After the Xinhai Revolution [1911 CE]Шаблон:tracking/defdate/hyphen:

  shorthand for 中華民國／中华民国.

• After the founding of the People's Republic of China [1949 CE]Шаблон:tracking/defdate/hyphen:

  shorthand for 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国.

Synonyms

• (China):

edit

Derived terms

Изведени термини од 中國

• 中國中心主義／中国中心主义
• 中國之春／中国之春
• 中國人／中国人
• 中國人民的老朋友／中国人民的老朋友
• 中國人民解放軍／中国人民解放军
• 中國佬／中国佬
• 中國內地／中国内地
• 中國共產黨／中国共产党
• 中國化／中国化
• 中國圖／中国图
• 中國城／中国城
• 中國大陸／中国大陆
• 中國威脅論／中国威胁论
• 中國字／中国字
• 中國學／中国学
• 中國崩潰論／中国崩溃论
• 中國工農紅軍／中国工农红军
• 中國式／中国式
• 中國性／中国性
• 中國文字／中国文字

• 中國本土／中国本土
• 中國海／中国海
• 中國特色／中国特色
• 中國畫／中国画
• 中國科大／中国科大
• 中國科學院／中国科学院
• 中國結／中国结
• 中國芒／中国芒
• 中國菜／中国菜
• 中國話／中国话
• 中國語／中国语
• 中國超新星／中国超新星
• 中國通／中国通
• 中國風／中国风
• 中媒
• 傷害中國人民的感情／伤害中国人民的感情
• 新中國／新中国
• 自由中國／自由中国
• 舊中國／旧中国
• 赤色中國／赤色中国

Noun

中國

1. (Classical) royal court; imperial court; imperial household; imperial government
2. (Classical) central part of a country Галицијски

   • 惠此中國，以綏四方。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     惠此中国，以绥四方。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Huì cǐ zhōngguó, yǐ suí sìfāng. [Pinyin]

     Let us cherish this centre of the kingdom,
     To secure the repose of the four quarters of it.

   • 我欲中國而授孟子室。 [MSC, trad.]
     我欲中国而授孟子室。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: Mencius-L

     Wǒ yù zhōngguó ér shòu Mèngzǐ shì. [Pinyin]

     I wish to give Mencius a house, somewhere in the middle of the kingdom.

3. (Classical) the Central Plain Галицијски

   • 莅中國而撫四夷 [MSC, trad.]
     莅中国而抚四夷 [MSC, simp.]

     From: Mencius

     lì zhōngguó ér fǔ sìyí [Pinyin]

     to rule over the Central Plain and pacify the neighbouring foreign peoples

   • 吾聞中國之君子，明乎禮義而陋於知人心。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     吾闻中国之君子，明乎礼义而陋于知人心。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE

     Wú wén Zhōngguó zhī jūnzǐ, míng hū lǐyì ér lòu yú zhī rénxīn. [Pinyin]

     I have heard that the superior men of these Middle States understand the (subjects of) ceremony and righteousness, but are deplorably ignorant of the minds of men.

4. (Classical) people of the Central Plain

Synonyms

• n

• n (archaic) 國中／国中
• n 中土, 中原, 中州

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (中國):

• Japanese:
• Korean: 중국 (中國, Jungguk)
• Vietnamese: Trung Quốc (中國)

Others:

• → Bouyei: Zungyguef
• → Енглески: Middle Kingdom (calque)
• → Фински: Keskustan valtakunta (calque)
• → Француски: Empire du Milieu (calque)
• → Немачки: Reich der Mitte (calque)
• → Hlai: Dongxgok (via Hainanese)
• → Indonesian: Tiongkok (via Hokkien)
• → Kyrgyz: Жуңго (Cuñgo)
• → Lü: ᦷᦋᧂᧈᦷᦅᧉ (tsong¹ko²)
• → Manchu: ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (calque)
• → Mongolian: ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ
  ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (dumdadu ulus) (calque)
• → Португалски: Reino Médio (calque), Reino do Meio (calque)
• → Sichuan Yi: ꍏꇩ (zho guop)
• → Tibetan: ཀྲུང་གོ (krung go)
  • Dzongkha: ཀྲུང་ཀོ (krung ko)
• → Uyghur: جۇڭگو‎ (junggo), Җуңго (Junggo) (Cyrillic)
• Wutunhua: zhungo
• → Zhuang: Cunghgoz, Cungguek

Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing од Јапански , from Кинески 中國 (MC ʈɨuŋ, “the central part of a country”).

Proper noun

中國

1. (～地方, ～地區) the Chūgoku region of Japan

   • 這裡的中國是指日本的中國地方，即指本州西部的岡山、廣島、山口、島根、鳥取5縣。 [MSC, trad.]
     这里的中国是指日本的中国地方，即指本州西部的冈山、广岛、山口、岛根、鸟取5县。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 2004, 于沛, 中国社会科学院世界历史研究所学术论文集（1964-2004）：古代中世纪卷[1]

     Zhèlǐ de Zhōngguó shì zhǐ Rìběn de Zhōngguó Dìfāng, jí zhǐ Běnzhōu xībù de Gāngshān, Guǎngdǎo, Shānkǒu, Dǎogēn, Niǎoqǔ 5 xiàn. [Pinyin]

     Here, 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó) refers to the Chūgoku region of Japan, or the five prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Shimane, and Tottori that lay in the western region of Honshū.

Etymology 3

(Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā; see Karashima, 2010) or मध्येषु जनपदेषु m pl (madhyeṣu janapadeṣu, “in [the] central countries”) (Abhidharmakośakārikā); as opposed to the 邊地／边地 (“borderlands; frontiers”), from Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रत्यन्तिम (pratyantima) / प्रत्यन्त (pratyanta) or . Cognate to the in the text parallel to the Ekottara Āgama in the Pali Canon.

Noun

中國

1. (Buddhism) "central countries"; lands with advanced civilization and other conditions helpful for teaching Buddhism

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Корејски

Hanja in this term
中	國

Proper noun

1. Hanja form^? of 중국 (“China”).

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Вијетнамски

Hán tự in this word
中	國

Proper noun

中國

1. Hán tự form of Trung Quốc, “China”

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Zhuang

Proper noun

中國

1. Sawndip form of Cunghgoz