Додатак:Енглески изговор
Енглески
ЕнглескиСистем
The following tables show the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and the English pronunciation (enPR) or American Heritage Dictionary (AHD) symbols which are used to represent the various sounds of the English language. The sounds of Received Pronunciation (RP, UK), General American pronunciation (GenAm, US), Canadian English (CanE), Australian English (AuE), and New Zealand English (NZE) are shown.
For vowels in other dialects, see Wikipedia's IPA chart for English.
- An image of an old version of these tables is available.
For a fuller list of dialects, see International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects.
This table is divided into two groups: non-rhotic dialects (RP, Australia, New Zealand) and rhotic dialects (General American and Canadian). Non-rhotic dialects do not pronounce what was historically a syllable-final r; instead they have a schwa (ə or, in NZ, ɘ), centering diphthong (ending in ə̯), or a long vowel (ending in ː). In addition to pronouncing syllable-final r, the rhotic dialects do not have a vowel length distinction, so none of their vowels end in the length symbol ː.
This vowel table lists both monophthongs and diphthongs.
| IPA | enPR / AHD | examples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg){kind=small} RP |
 GenAm |
 CanE |
 AuE |
 NZE
| ||
| ɑː | ɑ | ɒ, ɑ | ɐː | ä | father, palm | |
| æ, a | æ | ɛ | ă | bad, cat, ran[1][2] | ||
| æɹ, aɹ | ɛɹ, æɹ | ɛɹ | æɹ | ɛɹ | ăr | carry[3] |
| eɪ, ɛi | eɪ | æe, ae | ā | day, pain | ||
| ɑː | ɑɹ | ɐː | är | arm, bard | ||
| (ɛə) ɛː | ɛɹ, eɹ | ɛɹ | eː | eə | âr | hair, there[4][5][3] |
| ɛ | e, ɛ | ɪ, e | ĕ | bed[6] | ||
| ɛɹ | eɹ | ĕr | merry[3] | |||
| iː | i | iː, ɪi | iː | ē | ease, see | |
| ɪ | ɪ, i | ɘ | ĭ | sit, city, bit | ||
| ɪ | i | city, very, ready | ||||
| ɪ̈ , ɨ | ə | ɘ | roses | |||
| (ɪə) ɪː | ɪɹ, iɹ | ɪə, ɪː | iə | ĭr, îr | near, here, serious[5] | |
| aɪ, ɑi[7] | aɪ | aɪ (ʌɪ) | ɑe, ɒe | ī | my, rice | |
| ɒ, ɔ | ɑ | ɒ, ɑ | ɔ, ɒ | ŏ | not, wasp | |
| əʊ | oʊ | əʉ, ɐʉ | ɐʉ | ō | no, go, hope | |
| (ɔə) ɔː, oː | oɹ, ɔɹ | ɔɹ | oː | ōr | hoarse[5] | |
| ɔː, oː | ɔ | ɒ | oː | ô | law, caught | |
| ɔː, oː | ɔɹ | oː | ôr | horse | ||
| ɔɪ, oi | ɔɪ | oe | oi | boy, noise | ||
| ʊ | o͝o, ŏŏ | put, foot | ||||
| (ʊə) ɵː | ʊɹ | ʊə | ʉə | o͝or, ŏŏr | tour, tourism[5] | |
| uː, ʉː | u | ʉː | o͞o, ōō | lose, soon, through | ||
| aʊ | aʊ (ʌʊ) | æo | ou | house, now | ||
| ʌ | ɐ | ŭ | run, enough, up | |||
| ɜː | ɝ | ɜː | ɵː | ûr | fur, bird[8] | |
| ə | ɘ | ə | about | |||
| ə | ɚ | ə | ɘ | ər | winner, enter[9] | |
- ↑ RP /æ/ is sometimes transcribed /a/, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
- ↑ See bad–lad split for more discussion of the vowel /æ/ in Australian English.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 In many accents in the United States and most accents in Canada, some or all of the vowels of Mary, marry, and merry are merged (the Mary–marry–merry merger). If all three are merged, the resulting vowel is usually transcribed /ɛɹ/. In accents that distinguish all three, marry has /æɹ/, merry has /ɛɹ/, and Mary has /eɹ/.
- ↑ An older alternative symbol to RP /ɛː/ is /eə/, reflecting the mid height of the vowel in earlier RP, and the fact that it was a centring diphthong.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 RP in the early 20th century had five centring diphthongs /ɑə eə ɪə ɔə ʊə/. Of these, /ɔə/ formerly contrasted with a long vowel /ɔː/. All of them are now generally pronounced as long monophthongs (pure vowels) /ɑː ɔː ɛː ɪː ɵː/ (monophthongization). However, many words that formerly had /ʊə/ (= /ɵː/) are now pronounced with /ɔː/. /ɑə/ monophthongized first, very early in the 20th century, then /ɔə/, and more recently the rest.
- ↑ RP /ɛ/ is sometimes transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in the Collins English Dictionary.
- ↑ /aɪ/ is also transcribed (e.g. by Oxford University Press) as /ʌɪ/
- ↑ /əː/ is sometimes used as an alternative to /ɜː/, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press, and /ər/ as an alternative to /ɝ/, for example in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
- ↑ /ɚ/ is sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ] or (for transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations) as [ə(ɹ)].
In order to allow Module:syllables to count syllables, the disyllabic sequence /iə/ must be transcribed with a period to mark the syllable break – /i.ə/ – so that it will not be confused with the New Zealand diphthong /iə/.
/ɹ/ in the vowel plus /ɹ/ sequences is sometimes replaced with /ɚ/: /ðɛɚ/ instead of /ðɛɹ/. In order to keep Module:syllables from counting /ɚ/ as a syllable, add the non-syllabic diacritic: /ðɛɚ̯/.
| IPA | enPR / AHD | examples |
|---|---|---|
| b | b | but, web, rubble |
| t͡ʃ | ch | chat, teach, nature |
| d | d | dot, idea, nod |
| f | f | fan, left, enough, photo |
| ɡ | g | get, bag |
| h | h | ham |
| ʍ (hw)[1] | hw | which |
| d͡ʒ | j | joy, agile, age |
| k | k | cat, tack |
| x | ᴋʜ | loch (in Scottish English) |
| l | l | left |
| l̩ (əl)[2] | l | little |
| m | m | man, animal, him |
| m̩ (əm)[2] | m | spasm, prism |
| n | n | note, ant, pan |
| n̩ (ən)[2] | n | hidden |
| ŋ | ng | singer, ring |
| p | p | pen, spin, top, apple |
| ɹ[3] | r | run, very |
| s | s | set, list, ice |
| ʃ | sh | ash, sure, ration |
| t | t | ton, butt |
| θ | th | thin, nothing, moth |
| ð | th | this, father, clothe |
| v | v | voice, navel |
| w | w | wet |
| j | y | yes |
| z | z | zoo, quiz, rose |
| ʒ | zh | vision, treasure |
- ↑ Some phonologists dispute that /ʍ/ is a distinct phoneme in English, and use /hw/ instead.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Some phonologists dispute that /l̩/, /n̩/, /m̩/ are distinct phonemes in English, and use /əl/, /ən/, /əm/ instead.
- ↑ Often written /r/, especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is not a trill.
Fortis and lenis
The so-called voiceless and voiced obstruents are more properly fortis and lenis. Each member of a fortis–lenis pair is distinguished from the other by various articulatory and auditory features, but not consistently by voicing or lack of it.
У већини дијалеката енглеског, фортис (безгласан) зауставља и африкате /p t tʃ k/ увек су безгласни и уроњени ([pʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ]) на почетку речи и на почетку наглашеног слога: на пример, RP today [tʰəˈdeɪ], chain [tʃʰeɪn] and account [əˈkʰaʊnt]. Vowels and sonorants immediately preceding syllable final fortis obstruents are usually pronounced shorter than before lenis obstruents, as in bet vs. bed and bent vs. bend. This phenomenon is known as pre-fortis clipping.
Ленис (звучи) зауставља и африкате /b d dʒ ɡ/ увек су незаштићени. Ленис опструкција /b v ð d z dʒ ʒ ɡ/ често су наметнути на почетку или на крају речи, али су у потпуности изражени између изражених самогласника и глумаца.
The fortis–lenis у неколико случајева разлика се неутралише.
Почетни консонантни кластери састоје се од /s/ and a stop (as in spill, still, skill) are typically analyzed as having a fortis stop, which agrees with the spelling, but may equally well be analyzed as having a lenis stop (i.e., *sbill, *sdill, *sgill). Стоп је бескрајан и неупотребљив, а нема додатне фонетичке карактеристике која га успоставља као фортис или ленис.
Поред тога, амерички енглески језик има промену звука познатог као интерклочни алвеолар flapping, in which /t d/ оба се изговарају као алвеоларни поклопац [ɾ] између самогласника или течности и када није на почетку наглашеног слога, и /nt/ between vowels may be pronounced as a nasalized alveolar flap, [ɾ̃]. The fortis stop /t/ губи своју препознатљиву гласност и у суштини постаје ленис. Узроци узнемирења latter and ladder to both be pronounced as [ˈɫæɾɚ], and causes winter to be pronounced as [ˈwɪ̃ɾ̃ɚ], similar to winner [ˈwɪ̃nɚ].
Остали симболи
Стресна марка се поставља прије слога који је наглашен у ИПА и након ње у енПР / АХД.
| IPA | enPR (AHD) |
indicates |
|---|---|---|
| ˈ (ˈa) | ʹ (aʹ) | primary stress, as in rapping /ˈɹæpɪŋ/ |
| ˌ (ˌa) | ' (a') | secondary stress (or sometimes tertiary stress) before the primary stress, tertiary stress after the primary stress as in battlefield /ˈbætəlˌfiːld/ |
| a.a | a-a | division between syllables |
| ̩ | syllabic consonant, as in ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] | |
| ʔ | glottal stop, as in uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/, [ˈʌ̆ʔ˦oʊ˨] | |
| ̃ (ã) | nasalization, as in croissant /ˈkɹwæsɒ̃/ |
Note: The EnPR and print AHD marks are formatted slightly differently. Online, AHD writes both ', though they do not always represent the same phoneme.
Такође видети
- Wikipedia's article on English phonology
- Wikipedia's IPA chart for English dialects (and for conversion to ASCII, the SAMPA chart for English)
- Wikipedia's article on Pronunciation respelling for English
- Help:IPA for English on Wikipedia
Референце
- Gimson, A. C. (1980) An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, 3rd edn. edition, London: Edward Arnold, →ISBN
- Kenyon, John Samuel (1950) American Pronunciation, 10th edn. edition, Ann Arbor: George Wahr
- Kenyon, John S. with Thomas A. Knott (1944/1953) A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, →ISBN
- Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 2nd edn. edition, Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, →ISBN
Спољашње везе
- Learning the IPA for English, (Standard American English)
- Online keyboard with MP3 sound files for IPA symbols
- IPA chart with AIFF sound files for IPA symbols
- IPA chart with MP3 sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
- lexconvert a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers