Додатак:Engleski izgovor

Engleski[uredi]

The following tables show the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and the English pronunciation (enPR) or American Heritage Dictionary (AHD) symbols which are used to represent the various sounds of the English language. The sounds of Received Pronunciation (RP, UK), General American pronunciation (GenAm, US), Canadian English (CanE), Australian English (AuE), and New Zealand English (NZE) are shown.

For vowels in other dialects, see Wikipedia's IPA chart for English.

An image of an old version of these tables is available.

Samoglasnici[uredi]

For a fuller list of dialects, see International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects.

This table is divided into two groups: non-rhotic dialects (RP, Australia, New Zealand) and rhotic dialects (General American and Canadian). Non-rhotic dialects do not pronounce what was historically a syllable-final r; instead they have a schwa (ə or, in NZ, ɘ), centering diphthong (ending in ə̯), or a long vowel (ending in ː). In addition to pronouncing syllable-final r, the rhotic dialects do not have a vowel length distinction, so none of their vowels end in the length symbol ː.

This vowel table lists both monophthongs and diphthongs.

IPA enPR / AHD examples
RP GenAm CanE AuE NZE
ɑː ɑ ɒ, ɑ ɐː ä father, palm
æ, a æ ɛ ă bad, cat, ran[1][2]
æɹ, ɛɹ, æɹ ɛɹ æɹ ɛɹ ăr carry[3]
eɪ, ɛi æe, ae ā day, pain
ɑː ɑɹ ɐː är arm, bard
(ɛə) ɛː ɛɹ, eɹ ɛɹ âr hair, there[4][5][3]
ɛ e, ɛ ɪ, e ĕ bed[6]
ɛɹ ĕr merry[3]
i , ɪi ē ease, see
ɪ ɪ, i ɘ ĭ sit, city, bit
ɪ i city, very, ready
ɪ̈ , ɨ ə ɘ roses
(ɪə) ɪː ɪɹ, iɹ ɪə, ɪː ĭr, îr near, here, serious[5]
aɪ, ɑi[7] (ʌɪ) ɑe, ɒe ī my, rice
ɒ, ɔ ɑ ɒ, ɑ ɔ, ɒ ŏ not, wasp
əʊ əʉ, ɐʉ ɐʉ ō no, go, hope
(ɔə) ɔː, oː , ɔɹ ɔɹ ōr hoarse[5]
ɔː, oː ɔ ɒ ô law, caught
ɔː, oː ɔɹ ôr horse
ɔɪ, oi ɔɪ oe oi boy, noise
ʊ o͝o, ŏŏ put, foot
(ʊə) ɵː ʊɹ ʊə ʉə o͝or, ŏŏr tour, tourism[5]
, ʉː u ʉː o͞o, ōō lose, soon, through
(ʌʊ) æo ou house, now
ʌ ɐ ŭ run, enough, up
ɜː ɝ ɜː ɵː ûr fur, bird[8]
ə ɘ ə about
ə ɚ ə ɘ ər winner, enter[9]
  1. RP /æ/ is sometimes transcribed /a/, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
  2. See bad–lad split for more discussion of the vowel /æ/ in Australian English.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 In many accents in the United States and most accents in Canada, some or all of the vowels of Mary, marry, and merry are merged (the Marymarrymerry merger). If all three are merged, the resulting vowel is usually transcribed /ɛɹ/. In accents that distinguish all three, marry has /æɹ/, merry has /ɛɹ/, and Mary has /eɹ/.
  4. An older alternative symbol to RP /ɛː/ is /eə/, reflecting the mid height of the vowel in earlier RP, and the fact that it was a centring diphthong.
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 RP in the early 20th century had five centring diphthongs /ɑə eə ɪə ɔə ʊə/. Of these, /ɔə/ formerly contrasted with a long vowel /ɔː/. All of them are now generally pronounced as long monophthongs (pure vowels) /ɑː ɔː ɛː ɪː ɵː/ (monophthongization). However, many words that formerly had /ʊə/ (= /ɵː/) are now pronounced with /ɔː/. /ɑə/ monophthongized first, very early in the 20th century, then /ɔə/, and more recently the rest.
  6. RP /ɛ/ is sometimes transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in the Collins English Dictionary.
  7. /aɪ/ is also transcribed (e.g. by Oxford University Press) as /ʌɪ/
  8. /əː/ is sometimes used as an alternative to /ɜː/, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press, and /ər/ as an alternative to /ɝ/, for example in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  9. /ɚ/ is sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ] or (for transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations) as [ə(ɹ)].

In order to allow Module:syllables to count syllables, the disyllabic sequence /iə/ must be transcribed with a period to mark the syllable break – /i.ə/ – so that it will not be confused with the New Zealand diphthong /iə/.

/ɹ/ in the vowel plus /ɹ/ sequences is sometimes replaced with /ɚ/: /ðɛɚ/ instead of /ðɛɹ/. In order to keep Module:syllables from counting /ɚ/ as a syllable, add the non-syllabic diacritic: /ðɛɚ̯/.

Consonants[uredi]

IPA enPR / AHD examples
b b but, web, rubble
t͡ʃ ch chat, teach, nature
d d dot, idea, nod
f f fan, left, enough, photo
ɡ g get, bag
h h ham
ʍ (hw)[1] hw which
d͡ʒ j joy, agile, age
k k cat, tack
x ᴋʜ loch (in Scottish English)
l l left
l̩ (əl)[2] l little
m m man, animal, him
m̩ (əm)[2] m spasm, prism
n n note, ant, pan
n̩ (ən)[2] n hidden
ŋ ng singer, ring
p p pen, spin, top, apple
ɹ[3] r run, very
s s set, list, ice
ʃ sh ash, sure, ration
t t ton, butt
θ th thin, nothing, moth
ð th this, father, clothe
v v voice, navel
w w wet
j y yes
z z zoo, quiz, rose
ʒ zh vision, treasure
  1. Some phonologists dispute that /ʍ/ is a distinct phoneme in English, and use /hw/ instead.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Some phonologists dispute that /l̩/, /n̩/, /m̩/ are distinct phonemes in English, and use /əl/, /ən/, /əm/ instead.
  3. Often written /r/, especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is not a trill.

Fortis and lenis[uredi]

The so-called voiceless and voiced obstruents are more properly fortis and lenis. Each member of a fortis–lenis pair is distinguished from the other by various articulatory and auditory features, but not consistently by voicing or lack of it.

U većini dijalekata engleskog, fortis (bezglasan) zaustavlja i afrikate /p t tʃ k/ uvek su bezglasni i uronjeni ([pʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ]) na početku reči i na početku naglašenog sloga: na primer, RP today [tʰəˈdeɪ], chain [tʃʰeɪn] and account [əˈkʰaʊnt]. Vowels and sonorants immediately preceding syllable final fortis obstruents are usually pronounced shorter than before lenis obstruents, as in bet vs. bed and bent vs. bend. This phenomenon is known as pre-fortis clipping.

Lenis (zvuči) zaustavlja i afrikate /b d dʒ ɡ/ uvek su nezaštićeni. Lenis opstrukcija /b v ð d z dʒ ʒ ɡ/ često su nametnuti na početku ili na kraju reči, ali su u potpunosti izraženi između izraženih samoglasnika i glumaca.

The fortis–lenis u nekoliko slučajeva razlika se neutrališe.

Početni konsonantni klasteri sastoje se od /s/ and a stop (as in spill, still, skill) are typically analyzed as having a fortis stop, which agrees with the spelling, but may equally well be analyzed as having a lenis stop (i.e., *sbill, *sdill, *sgill). Stop je beskrajan i neupotrebljiv, a nema dodatne fonetičke karakteristike koja ga uspostavlja kao fortis ili lenis.

Pored toga, američki engleski jezik ima promenu zvuka poznatog kao interkločni alveolar flapping, in which /t d/ oba se izgovaraju kao alveolarni poklopac [ɾ] između samoglasnika ili tečnosti i kada nije na početku naglašenog sloga, i /nt/ between vowels may be pronounced as a nasalized alveolar flap, [ɾ̃]. The fortis stop /t/ gubi svoju prepoznatljivu glasnost i u suštini postaje lenis. Uzroci uznemirenja latter and ladder to both be pronounced as [ˈɫæɾɚ], and causes winter to be pronounced as [ˈwɪ̃ɾ̃ɚ], similar to winner [ˈwɪ̃nɚ].

Ostali simboli[uredi]

Stresna marka se postavlja prije sloga koji je naglašen u IPA i nakon nje u enPR / AHD.

IPA enPR
(AHD)
indicates
ˈ (ˈa) ʹ () primary stress, as in rapping /ˈɹæpɪŋ/
ˌ (ˌa) ' (a') secondary stress (or sometimes tertiary stress) before the primary stress,
tertiary stress after the primary stress as in battlefield /ˈbætəlˌfiːld/
a.a a-a division between syllables
 ̩ syllabic consonant, as in ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]
ʔ glottal stop, as in uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/, [ˈʌ̆ʔ˦oʊ˨]
 ̃ (ã) nasalization, as in croissant /ˈkɹwæsɒ̃/

Note: The EnPR and print AHD marks are formatted slightly differently. Online, AHD writes both ', though they do not always represent the same phoneme.

Takođe videti[uredi]

Reference[uredi]

  • Gimson, A. C. (1980) An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, 3rd edn. edition, London: Edward Arnold, →ISBN
  • Kenyon, John Samuel (1950) American Pronunciation, 10th edn. edition, Ann Arbor: George Wahr
  • Kenyon, John S.; Thomas A. Knott (1944/1953) A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, →ISBN
  • Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 2nd edn. edition, Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, →ISBN

Spoljašnje veze[uredi]