Додатак:Француски Свадеш листа

This is a Свадеш листа of words in Француски, compared with that of Енглески.

Presentation[уреди]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List[уреди]

No.	English	French Français	IPA pronunciation
1	I	je	ʒə
2	you (singular)	tu, vous (formal)	ty, vu
3	he	il	il
4	we	nous	nu
5	you (plural)	vous	vu
6	they	ils / elles	il
7	this	ceci	səsi
8	that	cela	səla
9	here	ici	isi
10	there	là	la
11	who	qui	ki
12	what	quoi	kwa
13	where	où	u
14	when	quand	kã
15	how	comment	kɔmã
16	not	ne pas	nə ... pɑ
17	all	tout	tu
18	many	beaucoup	boku
19	some	quelques	kɛlk
20	few	peu	pø
21	other	autre	otʁ
22	one	un	œ̃
23	two	deux	dø
24	three	trois	tʁwɑ
25	four	quatre	katʁ
26	five	cinq	sɛ̃k
27	big	grand	ɡʁã
28	long	long	lõ
29	wide	large	laʁʒ
30	thick	épais	epɛ
31	heavy	lourd	luʁ
32	small	petit	pəti
33	short	court	kuʁ
34	narrow	étroit	etʁwa
35	thin	mince	mɛ̃s
36	woman	femme	fam
37	man (male)	homme	ɔm
38	man (human)	homme	ɔm
39	child	enfant	ɑ̃fɑ̃
40	wife	femme, épouse	fam, epuz
41	husband	mari, époux	maʁi, epu
42	mother	mère	mɛʁ
43	father	père	pɛʁ
44	animal	animal	animal
45	fish	poisson	pwasõ
46	bird	oiseau	wazo
47	dog	chien	ʃjɛ̃
48	louse	pou	pu
49	snake	serpent	sɛʁpɑ̃
50	worm	ver	vɛʁ
51	tree	arbre	aʁbʁ
52	forest	forêt	fɔʁɛ
53	stick	bâton	bɑtɔ̃
54	fruit	fruit	fʁɥi
55	seed	graine	ɡʁɛn
56	leaf	feuille	fœj
57	root	racine	ʁasin
58	bark (of a tree)	écorce	ekɔʁs
59	flower	fleur	flœʁ
60	grass	herbe	ɛʁb
61	rope	corde	kɔʁd
62	skin	peau	po
63	meat	viande	vjɑ̃d
64	blood	sang	sɑ̃
65	bone	os	ɔs
66	fat (noun)	graisse	ɡʁɛs
67	egg	œuf	œf
68	horn	corne	kɔʁn
69	tail	queue	kø
70	feather	plume	plym
71	hair	cheveux	ʃəvø
72	head	tête	tɛt
73	ear	oreille	ɔʁɛj
74	eye	œil	œj
75	nose	nez	ne
76	mouth	bouche	buʃ
77	tooth	dent	dɑ̃
78	tongue	langue	lɑ̃ɡ
79	fingernail	ongle	ɔ̃ɡl
80	foot	pied	pje
81	leg	jambe	ʒɑ̃b
82	knee	genou	ʒənu
83	hand	main	mɛ̃
84	wing	aile	ɛl
85	belly	ventre	vɑ̃tʁ
86	guts	entrailles, intestins	ɑ̃tʁɑj, ɛ̃tɛstɛ̃
87	neck	cou	ku
88	back	dos	do
89	breast	sein, poitrine	pwatʁin
90	heart	cœur	kœʁ
91	liver	foie	fwɑ
92	to drink	boire	bwɑʁ
93	to eat	manger	mɑ̃ʒe
94	to bite	mordre	mɔʁdʁ
95	to suck	sucer	syse
96	to spit	cracher	kʁaʃe
97	to vomit	vomir	vɔmiʁ
98	to blow	souffler	sufle
99	to breathe	respirer	ʁɛspiʁe
100	to laugh	rire	ʁiʁ
101	to see	voir	vwaʁ
102	to hear	entendre	ɑ̃tɑ̃dʁ
103	to know	savoir	savwaʁ
104	to think	penser	pɑ̃se
105	to smell	sentir	sɑ̃tiʁ
106	to fear	craindre	kʁɛ̃dʁ
107	to sleep	dormir	dɔʁmiʁ
108	to live	vivre	vivʁ
109	to die	mourir	muʁiʁ
110	to kill	tuer	tɥe
111	to fight	se battre	səbatʁ
112	to hunt	chasser	ʃase
113	to hit	frapper	fʁape
114	to cut	couper	kupe
115	to split	fendre	fɑ̃dʁ
116	to stab	poignarder	pwaɲaʁde
117	to scratch	gratter	ɡʁate
118	to dig	creuser	kʁøze
119	to swim	nager	naʒe
120	to fly	voler	vɔle
121	to walk	marcher	maʁʃe
122	to come	venir	vəniʁ
123	to lie (as in a bed)	s'étendre (action), être étendu(state)	setɑ̃dʁ, ɛtʁetɑ̃dy
124	to sit	s'asseoir (action), être assis (state)	saswaʁ, ɛtʁasi
125	to stand	se lever (action), se tenir debout (state)	sələve, sətəniʁdəbu
126	to turn (intransitive)	tourner	tuʁne
127	to fall	tomber	tɔ̃be
128	to give	donner	dɔne
129	to hold	tenir	təniʁ
130	to squeeze	serrer	seʁe
131	to rub	frotter	fʁɔte
132	to wash	laver	lave
133	to wipe	essuyer	esɥije
134	to pull	tirer	tiʁe
135	to push	pousser	puse
136	to throw	jeter, lancer	ʒəte, lɑ̃se
137	to tie	lier	lje
138	to sew	coudre	kudʁ
139	to count	compter	kɔ̃te
140	to say	dire	diʁ
141	to sing	chanter	ʃɑ̃te
142	to play	jouer	ʒwe
143	to float	flotter	flɔte
144	to flow	couler	kule
145	to freeze	geler	ʒəle
146	to swell	gonfler	ɡɔ̃fle
147	sun	soleil	sɔlɛj
148	moon	lune	lyn
149	star	étoile	etwal
150	water	eau	o
151	rain	pluie	plɥi
152	river	rivière	ʁivjɛʁ
153	lake	lac	lak
154	sea	mer	mɛʁ
155	salt	sel	sɛl
156	stone	pierre	pjɛʁ
157	sand	sable	sabl
158	dust	poussière	pusjɛʁ
159	earth	terre	tɛʁ
160	cloud	nuage	nɥaʒ
161	fog	brouillard	bʁujaʁ
162	sky	ciel	sjɛl
163	wind	vent	vɑ̃
164	snow	neige	nɛʒ
165	ice	glace	ɡlas
166	smoke	fumée	fyme
167	fire	feu	fø
168	ash	cendre	sɑ̃dʁ
169	to burn	brûler	bʁyle
170	road	route	ʁut
171	mountain	montagne	mɔ̃taɲ
172	red	rouge	ʁuʒ
173	green	vert	vɛʁ
174	yellow	jaune	ʒon
175	white	blanc	blɑ̃
176	black	noir	nwaʁ
177	night	nuit	nɥi
178	day	jour	ʒuʁ
179	year	an, année	ɑ̃, ane
180	warm	chaud	ʃo
181	cold	froid	fʁwa
182	full	plein	plɛ̃
183	new	nouveau	nuvo
184	old	vieux	vjø
185	good	bon	bɔ̃
186	bad	mauvais	movɛ
187	rotten	pourri	puri
188	dirty	sale	sal
189	straight	droit	dʁwa
190	round	rond	ʁɔ̃
191	sharp (as a knife)	tranchant	tʁɑ̃ʃɑ̃
192	dull (as a knife)	émoussé	emuse
193	smooth	lisse	lis
194	wet	mouillé	muje
195	dry	sec	sɛk
196	correct	juste	ʒyst
197	near	près	pʁɛ
198	far	loin	lwɛ̃
199	right	droite	dʁwat
200	left	gauche	ɡoʃ
201	at	à	a
202	in	dans	dɑ̃
203	with	avec	avɛk
204	and	et	e
205	if	si	si
206	because	parce que	paʁsəkə
207	name	nom	nɔ̃

Orthography :

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :

verbs : infinitive
other words : masculine, singular, nominative (subject)

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.

Pronunciation :

The pronunciation shown is the standard pronunciation in France. Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the shown pronunciation.

References[уреди]

Français-Anglais/English-French Dictionary, Robert & Collins, Glasgow, Paris - →ISBN

Further reading[уреди]

Свадеш листе
Individual languages
Afrikaans – Albanian – tib Amharic – Antillean Creole – Arabic: Standard Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, Palestinian Arabic, Tunisian Arabic, Cypriot Arabic – Armenian – Aromanian – Assamese – Bangala – Bashkir – Basque – Belarusian – Bengali – Breton – Bukitan – Bulgarian – Burmese – Burushaski – Catalan – Chechen – Chinese: Cantonese, Gan, Mandarin, Min Nan (Amoy), Min Dong, Sichuanese, Old Chinese – Czech – Dalmatian – Danish – Холандски – Egyptian – English: Old, Middle – Esperanto – Estonian – Fiji Hindi – Fijian – Finnish – Француски, Old French – Frisian (West) – Friulian – Galician – Georgian – German – Greek: Modern Greek, Ancient Greek – Guaraní – Gujarati – Haida – Haitian Creole – Hausa – Hawaiian – Hebrew – Hindi – Hittite – Hmong (White) – Hungarian – Hunsrik – Icelandic – Ido – Ilocano – Indonesian – Interlingue – Irish – Italian – Japanese – Kashubian – Khmer – Konkani – Korean – Kurdish – Latin, Vulgar Latin – Latvian – Lingala – Lingua Franca Nova – Lingwa de Planeta – Lithuanian – Lojban – Luwian – Macedonian – Malagasy – Malay – Maltese – Marathi – Mauritian Creole – Megleno-Romanian – Mongolian – Neapolitan – Nepali – Ojibwe – Ossetian – Pali – Papiamento – Polish – Portuguese, Old Portuguese – Punjabi – Purepecha – Quechua – Romani – Romanian – Russian – Sanskrit – Scottish Gaelic – Serbo-Croatian – Sicilian – Sinhalese – Slovak – Slovene – Somali – Spanish – Sranan – Sundanese – Swahili – Swedish – Tagalog – Tahitian – Tajik – Temiar – Thai – Tocharian B – Ток Писин – Turkish – Tuvaluan – Ukrainian – Vietnamese – Walloon – Welsh – Zazaki – Zulu
Reconstructed languages
Proto-Balto-Slavic – Proto-Indo-European – Proto-Indo-Iranian – Proto-Slavic
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afro-Asiatic – Algonquian – Altaic – Austro-Asiatic – Australian – Austronesian – Baltic – Bantu – Celtic – Dené–Yeniseian – Dravidian – Finnic – Formosan – Frisian – Germanic – Hmong-Mien – Hokan – Kho-Bwa – Indo-Aryan – Indo-Iranian – Italian – Mayan – Muskogean – Niger–Congo – Oto-Manguean – Paleosiberian – Penutian – Romance – Sino-Tibetan – Slavic – Siouan – South American – Tai–Kadai – Tibeto-Burman – Tupi–Guarani – Turkic – Uralic – Uto-Aztecan