Додатак:Velški Svadeš lista

This is a Svadeš lista of words in Velški, compared with that of Engleski.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

№	English	Velški ^{edit (207)}
1	I (1sg)	mi, fi
2	you (2sg)	ti
3	he, she, it (3sg)	ef, fe, fo
4	we (1pl)	ni
5	you (2pl)	chi, chwi
6	they (3pl)	hwy, hwynt, nhw
7	this	hwn, y, yma
8	that	hwnnw, y, yna
9	here	yma
10	there	yna
11	who	pwy
12	what	beth
13	where	ble
14	when	pryd
15	how	sut, pa fodd
16	not	ddim, nid
17	all	holl, i gyd, oll
18	many	llawer
19	some	rhai, rhyw
20	few	ychydig
21	other	arall
22	one	un
23	two	dau
24	three	tair, tri
25	four	pedwar
26	five	pump
27	big	mawr
28	long	hir
29	wide	llydan
30	thick	tew
31	heavy	trwm
32	small	bach, bychan
33	short	byr
34	narrow	cul
35	thin	tenau
36	woman	benw, benyw, dynes, gwraig, merch
37	man (adult male)	dyn, gŵr
38	man (human being)	dyn
39	child	plant
40	wife	gwraig
41	husband	gŵr
42	mother	mam
43	father	tad
44	animal	anifail, mil
45	fish	pysgodyn
46	bird	aderyn
47	dog	ci
48	louse	llau
49	snake	neidr, sarff
50	worm	abwydyn, mwydyn, pryf, pryf genwair
51	tree	coed, colfen, pren
52	forest	coedwig, fforest
53	stick	ffon, llory
54	fruit	ffrwyth
55	seed	had
56	leaf	dail
57	root	gwraidd, gwreiddyn
58	bark (of a tree)	rhisgl
59	flower	blodyn
60	grass	gwellt
61	rope	rhaff
62	skin	croen
63	meat	cig
64	blood	gwaed
65	bone	asgwrn
66	fat (noun)	saim
67	egg	wy
68	horn	corn
69	tail	cynffon, llost
70	feather	plu
71	hair	blew, gwallt
72	head	pen
73	ear	clust
74	eye	llygad
75	nose	trwyn
76	mouth	ceg, genau
77	tooth	dant
78	tongue (organ)	tafod
79	fingernail	ewin
80	foot	troed
81	leg	coes
82	knee	glin, pen-glin
83	hand	llaw
84	wing	adain, asgell
85	belly	bol, bola
86	guts	coluddion, perfeddion, ymysgaroedd
87	neck	gwddf, gwddwg, mwnwgl
88	back	cefn
89	breast	bron
90	heart	calon
91	liver	afu
92	to drink	yfed
93	to eat	bwyta
94	to bite	brathu, cnoi
95	to suck	sugno
96	to spit	poeri
97	to vomit	chwydu
98	to blow	chwythu
99	to breathe	anadlu
100	to laugh	chwerthin
101	to see	gweld
102	to hear	clywed
103	to know	gwybod
104	to think	meddwl, tybio
105	to smell	aroglu, clywed aroglau
106	to fear	bod ag ofn, ofni
107	to sleep	cysgu
108	to live	byw
109	to die	marw
110	to kill	lladd
111	to fight	brwydro, ymladd
112	to hunt	hela
113	to hit	bwrw, taro
114	to cut	torri
115	to split	hollti
116	to stab	gwanu, trywanu
117	to scratch	cosi
118	to dig	cloddio, palu
119	to swim	nofio
120	to fly	hedfan
121	to walk	cerdded
122	to come	dod
123	to lie (as in a bed)	gorwedd
124	to sit	eistedd
125	to stand	sefyll
126	to turn (intransitive)	troi
127	to fall	cwympo, disgyn, syrthio
128	to give	rhoi
129	to hold	dal, dala
130	to squeeze	gwasgu
131	to rub	rhwtio, rhwbio
132	to wash	golchi
133	to wipe	sychu
134	to pull	tynnu
135	to push	gwthio
136	to throw	taflu
137	to tie	clymu, rhwymo
138	to sew	gwnïo
139	to count	rhifo
140	to say	dweud
141	to sing	canu
142	to play	chwarae
143	to float	nofio
144	to flow	llifo
145	to freeze	rhewi
146	to swell	chwyddo
147	sun	haul
148	moon	lleuad, lloer
149	star	sêr
150	water	dŵr
151	rain	glaw
152	river	afon
153	lake	llyn
154	sea	môr
155	salt	halen
156	stone	carreg, maen
157	sand	tywod
158	dust	llwch
159	earth	daear
160	cloud	cwmwl
161	fog	niwl
162	sky	awyr, wybren
163	wind	gwynt
164	snow	eira
165	ice	iâ
166	smoke	mwg
167	fire	tân
168	ash	lludw
169	to burn	llosgi
170	road	ffordd, heol, hynt
171	mountain	mynydd
172	red	coch, rhudd
173	green	glas, gwyrdd
174	yellow	melyn
175	white	gwyn
176	black	du
177	night	nos
178	day	dydd
179	year	blwyddyn
180	warm	cynnes, twym
181	cold	oer
182	full	llawn
183	new	newydd
184	old	hen
185	good	da, mad
186	bad	drwg
187	rotten	braen, pwdr
188	dirty	brwnt, budr
189	straight	syth
190	round	crwn
191	sharp (as a knife)	llym, miniog
192	dull (as a knife)	pŵl
193	smooth	llyfn
194	wet	gwlyb
195	dry	sych
196	correct	certh, cywir, iawn
197	near	agos
198	far	pell
199	right	de
200	left	chwith, cledd
201	at	at, wrth
202	in	mewn, yn
203	with	â, efo, gan, gyda
204	and	a
205	if	os, pe
206	because	achos, oherwydd
207	name	enw

Svadeš liste
Individual languages
Afrikaans – Albanian – tib Amharic – Antillean Creole – Arabic: Standard Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, Palestinian Arabic, Tunisian Arabic, Cypriot Arabic – Armenian – Aromanian – Assamese – Bangala – Bashkir – Basque – Belarusian – Bengali – Breton – Bukitan – Bulgarian – Burmese – Burushaski – Catalan – Chechen – Chinese: Cantonese, Gan, Mandarin, Min Nan (Amoy), Min Dong, Sichuanese, Old Chinese – Czech – Dalmatian – Danish – Holandski – Egyptian – English: Old, Middle – Esperanto – Estonian – Fiji Hindi – Fijian – Finnish – Francuski, Old French – Frisian (West) – Friulian – Galician – Georgian – German – Greek: Modern Greek, Ancient Greek – Guaraní – Gujarati – Haida – Haitian Creole – Hausa – Hawaiian – Hebrew – Hindi – Hittite – Hmong (White) – Hungarian – Hunsrik – Icelandic – Ido – Ilocano – Indonesian – Interlingue – Irish – Italian – Japanese – Kashubian – Khmer – Konkani – Korean – Kurdish – Latin, Vulgar Latin – Latvian – Lingala – Lingua Franca Nova – Lingwa de Planeta – Lithuanian – Lojban – Luwian – Macedonian – Malagasy – Malay – Maltese – Marathi – Mauritian Creole – Megleno-Romanian – Mongolian – Neapolitan – Nepali – Ojibwe – Ossetian – Pali – Papiamento – Polish – Portuguese, Old Portuguese – Punjabi – Purepecha – Quechua – Romani – Romanian – Russian – Sanskrit – Scottish Gaelic – Serbo-Croatian – Sicilian – Sinhalese – Slovak – Slovene – Somali – Spanish – Sranan – Sundanese – Swahili – Swedish – Tagalog – Tahitian – Tajik – Temiar – Thai – Tocharian B – Tok Pisin – Turkish – Tuvaluan – Ukrainian – Vietnamese – Walloon – Welsh – Zazaki – Zulu
Reconstructed languages
Proto-Balto-Slavic – Proto-Indo-European – Proto-Indo-Iranian – Proto-Slavic
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afro-Asiatic – Algonquian – Altaic – Austro-Asiatic – Australian – Austronesian – Baltic – Bantu – Celtic – Dené–Yeniseian – Dravidian – Finnic – Formosan – Frisian – Germanic – Hmong-Mien – Hokan – Kho-Bwa – Indo-Aryan – Indo-Iranian – Italian – Mayan – Muskogean – Niger–Congo – Oto-Manguean – Paleosiberian – Penutian – Romance – Sino-Tibetan – Slavic – Siouan – South American – Tai–Kadai – Tibeto-Burman – Tupi–Guarani – Turkic – Uralic – Uto-Aztecan