Аппендиx:Сцоттисх Гаелиц Сwадесх лист

This is a Свадеш листа of words in Scottish Gaelic, compared with that of Енглески.

Презентација

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

Листа

No.	Енглески	Scottish Gaelic Gàidhlig
1	I	mi
2	you (singular)	thu
3	he	e
4	we	sinn
5	you (plural)	sibh
6	they	iad
7	this	seo
8	that	sin, siud
9	here	an seo
10	there	an sin, an siud
11	who	cò (interrogative)
12	what	ciod, dè (interrogative)
13	where	càite (interrogative)
14	when	cuin (interrogative)
15	how	ciamar, cionnas (interrogative)
16	not	cha, chan
17	all	uile
18	many	mòran
19	some	cuid, feadhainn
20	few	beagan
21	other	eile
22	one	aon
23	two	dà
24	three	trì
25	four	ceithir
26	five	còig
27	big	mòr
28	long	fada
29	wide	leathann
30	thick	tiugh
31	heavy	trom
32	small	beag
33	short	goirid, geàrr
34	narrow	cumhang
35	thin	tana, caol
36	woman	bean
37	man (adult male)	fear
38	man (human being)	duine
39	child	leanabh, pàiste
40	wife	bean-phòsta
41	husband	fear-pòsta
42	mother	màthair
43	father	athair
44	animal	ainmhidh
45	fish	iasg
46	bird	eun
47	dog	cù
48	louse	mial
49	snake	nathair
50	worm	cnuimh, boiteag
51	tree	craobh
52	forest	coille
53	stick	bata
54	fruit	toradh, meas
55	seed	sìol
56	leaf	duilleag
57	root	freumh
58	bark (of a tree)	rùsg
59	flower	dithean, flùr
60	grass	feur
61	rope	ròpa
62	skin	craiceann
63	meat	feòil
64	blood	fuil
65	bone	cnàmh
66	fat (noun)	saill
67	egg	ugh
68	horn	adharc
69	tail	earball
70	feather	ite
71	hair	falt, gruag
72	head	ceann
73	ear	cluas
74	eye	sùil
75	nose	sròn
76	mouth	beul
77	tooth	fiacail
78	tongue (organ)	teanga
79	fingernail	ìne
80	foot	cas
81	leg	cas
82	knee	glùn
83	hand	làmh
84	wing	sgiath
85	belly	brù, broinn
86	guts	mionach, caolain
87	neck	muineal
88	back	druim
89	breast	cìoch
90	heart	cridhe
91	liver	adha
92	to drink	òl
93	to eat	ith
94	to bite	bìd
95	to suck	sùigh
96	to spit	tilg smugaid
97	to vomit	sgeith
98	to blow	sèid
99	to breathe	tarraing anail
100	to laugh	gàir, dèan gàire
101	to see	faic
102	to hear	cluinn
103	to know	tha fios aig
104	to think	smaoinich
105	to smell	feuch fàileadh
106	to fear	gabh eagal
107	to sleep	caidil
108	to live	bi beò
109	to die	bàsaich
110	to kill	marbh
111	to fight	sabaid
112	to hunt	sealg
113	to hit	buail
114	to cut	geàrr
115	to split	sgoilt
116	to stab	sàth
117	to scratch	sgròb
118	to dig	cladhaich
119	to swim	snàmh
120	to fly	itealaich
121	to walk	coisich
122	to come	thig
123	to lie (as in a bed)	laigh (state)
124	to sit	suidh (state)
125	to stand	seas (state)
126	to turn (intransitive)	tionndaidh
127	to fall	tuit
128	to give	thoir
129	to hold	cùm
130	to squeeze	teannaich
131	to rub	suath
132	to wash	nigh
133	to wipe	suath
134	to pull	tarraing
135	to push	brùth
136	to throw	tilg
137	to tie	ceangail
138	to sew	fuaigh
139	to count	cùnnt
140	to say	abair, can
141	to sing	seinn
142	to play	cluich
143	to float	bi a' fleòdradh
144	to flow	ruith
145	to freeze	reòdh
146	to swell	at
147	sun	grian
148	moon	gealach
149	star	rionnag
150	water	uisge, bùrn
151	rain	uisge
152	river	abhainn
153	lake	loch
154	sea	muir, cuan, fairge
155	salt	salann
156	stone	clach
157	sand	gainmheach
158	dust	stùr, duslach
159	earth	talamh
160	cloud	sgòth, neul
161	fog	ceò
162	sky	adhar, speuran
163	wind	gaoth
164	snow	sneachd
165	ice	deigh, eighre
166	smoke	ceò, toit
167	fire	teine
168	ash	luath
169	to burn	loisg
170	road	rathad
171	mountain	beinn
172	red	ruadh, dearg
173	green	glas, uaine
174	yellow	buidhe
175	white	geal
176	black	dubh
177	night	oidhche
178	day	là
179	year	bliadhna
180	warm	blàth
181	cold	fuar
182	full	làn
183	new	ùr, nuadh
184	old	sean
185	good	math
186	bad	dona, olc
187	rotten	grod, loibhte
188	dirty	salach
189	straight	dìreach
190	round	cruinn
191	sharp (as a knife)	geur
192	dull (as a knife)	maol
193	smooth	mìn
194	wet	fliuch
195	dry	tioram
196	correct	ceart
197	near	faisg
198	far	fada
199	right	deas
200	left	clì
201	at	aig
202	in	ann
203	with	còmhla ri, le
204	and	agus
205	if	ma, nan/nam
206	because	oir
207	name	ainm

Bibliography

Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN 2-221-05947-6

Свадеш листе
Individual languages
Afrikaans – Albanian – tib Amharic – Antillean Creole – Arabic: Standard Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, Palestinian Arabic, Tunisian Arabic, Cypriot Arabic – Armenian – Aromanian – Assamese – Bangala – Bashkir – Basque – Belarusian – Bengali – Breton – Bukitan – Bulgarian – Burmese – Burushaski – Catalan – Chechen – Chinese: Cantonese, Gan, Mandarin, Min Nan (Amoy), Min Dong, Sichuanese, Old Chinese – Czech – Dalmatian – Danish – Холандски – Egyptian – English: Old, Middle – Esperanto – Estonian – Fiji Hindi – Fijian – Finnish – Француски, Old French – Frisian (West) – Friulian – Galician – Georgian – German – Greek: Modern Greek, Ancient Greek – Guaraní – Gujarati – Haida – Haitian Creole – Hausa – Hawaiian – Hebrew – Hindi – Hittite – Hmong (White) – Hungarian – Hunsrik – Icelandic – Ido – Ilocano – Indonesian – Interlingue – Irish – Italian – Japanese – Kashubian – Khmer – Konkani – Korean – Kurdish – Latin, Vulgar Latin – Latvian – Lingala – Lingua Franca Nova – Lingwa de Planeta – Lithuanian – Lojban – Luwian – Macedonian – Malagasy – Malay – Maltese – Marathi – Mauritian Creole – Megleno-Romanian – Mongolian – Neapolitan – Nepali – Ojibwe – Ossetian – Pali – Papiamento – Polish – Portuguese, Old Portuguese – Punjabi – Purepecha – Quechua – Romani – Romanian – Russian – Sanskrit – Scottish Gaelic – Serbo-Croatian – Sicilian – Sinhalese – Slovak – Slovene – Somali – Spanish – Sranan – Sundanese – Swahili – Swedish – Tagalog – Tahitian – Tajik – Temiar – Thai – Tocharian B – Ток Писин – Turkish – Tuvaluan – Ukrainian – Vietnamese – Walloon – Welsh – Zazaki – Zulu
Reconstructed languages
Proto-Balto-Slavic – Proto-Indo-European – Proto-Indo-Iranian – Proto-Slavic
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afro-Asiatic – Algonquian – Altaic – Austro-Asiatic – Australian – Austronesian – Baltic – Bantu – Celtic – Dené–Yeniseian – Dravidian – Finnic – Formosan – Frisian – Germanic – Hmong-Mien – Hokan – Kho-Bwa – Indo-Aryan – Indo-Iranian – Italian – Mayan – Muskogean – Niger–Congo – Oto-Manguean – Paleosiberian – Penutian – Romance – Sino-Tibetan – Slavic – Siouan – South American – Tai–Kadai – Tibeto-Burman – Tupi–Guarani – Turkic – Uralic – Uto-Aztecan

Аппендиx:Сцоттисх Гаелиц Сwадесх лист

Презентација

Листа

See also

Bibliography

Further reading