Šablon:uk-ndecl/dok

Parameters

Normally there is only one parameter to specify, e.g. for banán (banán, “banana”):

{{uk-ndecl|бана́н<>}}

which produces

Note that the lemma is given followed by angle brackets, and an accent needs to be placed on the appropriate syllable (it can be omitted in monosyllabic words). In some cases, properties need to be given inside of angle brackets, for example for brat (brat, “brother”):

{{uk-ndecl|брат<b.pr>}}

which produces

Here, we specify two properties: b (a stress pattern indicator, in this case specifying that the noun is end-stressed, i.e. the stress is on the endings rather than the stem) and pr (indicating that this is a personal noun, where the accusative is the same as the genitive rather than the nominative).

The general format is the accented noun lemma (the nominative singular, or nominative plural for plural-only nouns), followed by a spec in angle brackets. The format of the spec is

<PROP.PROP.PROP...>

i.e. one or more properties, separated by periods. All properties are optional. The following properties are recognized:

• Gender: M for masculine, F for feminine, MF for nouns that can be either masculine or feminine, N for neuter. Most of the time this isn't needed, but it's required for certain nouns (e.g. most nouns ending in -ь and some nouns ending in -я) to determine the correct declension type. Note that the gender must be given capitalized.
• Stress pattern: a, b, c, d, d', e, f or f'. These are based on Zaliznyak's Russian-language patterns. Multiple comma-separated stress patterns can be given. See below for more information.
• Reducibility: * to indicate an alternation between a vowel (one of o, e, є or occasionally і) and no vowel in the final syllable, where the vowel appears in endings that do not themselves contain a vowel (typically the nominative/accusative singular and/or the genitive plural). This code should be placed directly after or used in place of the stress pattern, e.g. c* to indicate a reducible noun with stress pattern c, b*,b to indicate a noun with stress pattern b that can be either reducible or non-reducible, and just * to indicate a reducible noun with the default stress pattern.
• Reversed genitive plural stress: # to indicate that the genitive plural stress is the opposite of what the stress pattern calls for. This code should be placed directly after or used in place of the stress pattern, e.g. c# to indicate a noun with stress pattern c and reversed genitive plural stress, c*# to indicate a reducible noun with stress pattern c and reversed genitive plural stress, d#,d to indicate a noun with stress pattern d that can have either reversed or normal genitive plural stress, and just # to indicate a noun with reversed genitive plural stress and the default stress pattern.
• Animacy: pr for personal nouns, anml for animal nouns, inan for inanimate nouns. The default is almost always inanimate (except when t or surname are specified); animate nouns need an animacy code given.
• Number: sg for singular-only nouns, pl for plural-only nouns. If unspecified, nouns have both singular and plural.
• Softness/hardness:
  • soft to indicate soft endings for a noun ending in Cyrillic -r;
  • semisoft to indicate semisoft endings for a noun ending in Cyrillic -r;
  • plsoft to indicate soft plural endings, e.g. for drug (druh, “friend”) (only works currently for masculine and feminine hard-stem nouns);
  • plhard to indicate hard plural endings, e.g. for іm'я́ (imʺjá, “name”) (only works currently for neuters in -я).
• Vowel alternations:
  • i (a Latin-script i, not a Cyrillic script i) to indicate a change from Cyrillic o or e to і when the ending does not begin with a vowel;
  • io (a Latin-script io) to indicate a change from і to o when the ending does begin with a vowel;
  • ie (a Latin-script ie) to indicate a similar change from і to e when the ending begins with a vowel.
• Special variants:
  • in to indicate that a noun ending in -in (e.g. kiя́nin (kyjányn, “Kyivan”), hristiяnín (xrystyjanýn, “Christian”)) loses this ending in the plural;
  • 3rd to indicate that a soft feminine plural-only noun is third-declension rather than first-declension (i.e. its singular would end in -ь or a consonant rather than -я or -a);
  • surname to indicate that the noun is a surname, in which case the vocative singular can be the same as the nominative singular in addition to its normal form (this implies pr, as surnames normally refer to people);
  • t to indicate t-stem neuter nouns, i.e. that a neuter noun ending in -я (e.g. яgnя́ (jahnjá, “lamb”)) has a stem -яt in most forms (this implies anml, as nouns of this form usually refer to the young of animals);
  • en to indicate en-stem neuter nouns, i.e. that a neuter noun ending in -m'я has alternative forms utilizing a stem in -en in most singular forms (e.g. vím'я (výmʺja, “udder”) with alternative genitive/dative/locative singular vímenі and alternative instrumental singular vímenem).
• Stem overrides:
  • stem:STEM to specify a different stem than the lemma's stem to use for endings beginning with a vowel;
  • plstem:STEM to specify a different stem to use in the plural.
• Specific form overrides: Examples are genu to specify that the genitive singular ends in -u, locju:i to specify that the locative singular ends in -ю or -і, vóce to specify that the vocative singular ends in -e with stress on the stem (regardless of the accent pattern) and genpl:земе́ль to specify that the genitive plural has the value zemélь. These are explained more below.

The properties can be given in any order, but it is recommended that the following order be used:

1. Gender
2. Stress pattern, reducibility, reversed genitive plural stress
3. Adjectival indicator
4. Animacy
5. Number
6. Softness/hardness
7. Vowel alternations
8. Special variants
9. Stem overrides
10. Specific form overrides

Gender

The gender can be specified using M for masculine, F for feminine, MF for nouns that can be either masculine or feminine, and N for neuter. The gender can usually be omitted, but is required in certain cases, e.g. with some nouns ending in -ь and some nouns ending in -я. If the gender is omitted, it defaults as follows:

1. Nouns ending in a consonant default to masculine.
2. Nouns ending in a soft sign must have the gender explicitly given, except in the following cases:
   1. Nouns ending in -ecь and -єcь, stressed or unstressed, default to masculine.
   2. Nouns ending in unstressed -telь default to masculine.
   3. Nouns ending in unstressed -іstь default to feminine.
3. Nouns ending in -a default to feminine.
4. Nouns ending in -o or -e default to neuter.
5. Nouns ending in -'я (e.g. zdoróv'я (zdoróvʺja, “health”), peremír'я (peremýrʺja, “ceasefire”), tі́m'я (tímʺja, “crown (of the head)”)) or in a double consonant + -я (e.g. znáčennя (znáčennja, “importance; meaning”), oblíččя (oblýččja, “face; character”), žittя́ (žyttjá, “life”)) default to neuter.
6. Nouns with the code t (e.g. яgnя́ (jahnjá, “lamb”), porosя́ (porosjá, “piglet”)) default to neuter.
7. Other nouns in -я default to feminine.

The gender needs to be explicitly given in the following cases:

1. Nouns ending in a soft sign other than those mentioned above; e.g. gotélь (hotélʹ, “hotel”) (masculine), modélь (modélʹ, “model”) (feminine).
2. Masculine or feminine nouns ending in -'я (e.g. sіm'я́ (simʺjá, “family”), which is feminine) or in a double consonant + -я (e.g. stattя́ (stattjá, “article”), which is feminine, and suddя́ (suddjá, “judge”), which is either masculine or feminine).
3. Feminine nouns ending in a consonant; e.g. lюbóv (ljubóv, “love”), nіč (nič, “night”).
4. Neuter nouns ending in -я other than the two types mentioned above; e.g. zap'я́stя (zapʺjástja, “wrist”), povі́trя (povítrja, “air”).

Examples:

1. avtomobі́lь (avtomobílʹ, “car”) (masculine) ends in a soft sign, and so needs the gender to be specified:

{{uk-ndecl|автомобі́ль<M>}}

which produces

2. lюbóv (ljubóv, “love”) is feminine and ends in a consonant, and so needs the gender to be specified:

{{uk-ndecl|любо́в<F.sg>}}

which produces

3. zap'я́stя (zapʺjástja, “wrist”) is neuter but does not end in a double consonant + -я, and so needs the gender to be specified:

{{uk-ndecl|зап'я́стя<N>}}

which produces

4. mužčína (mužčýna, “man”) is masculine but ends in -a, which defaults to feminine. In this case, masculine and feminine nouns in -a have identical declensions, so the gender doesn't need to be given, but it's a good idea to specify it anyway, because it is needed in {{uk-noun}} (when it is modified to support syntax similar to {{uk-ndecl}}, parallel to {{ru-noun+}}).

{{uk-ndecl|мужчи́на<M.pr>}}

which produces

Stress patterns and reducibility

The following table specifies where the stress falls (stem or ending):

	The Stress Falls on:
Pattern Letter	a		b		c		d		d'		e		f		f'
Number	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
Nom	stem	stem	ending	ending	stem	ending	ending	stem	ending	stem	stem	stem	ending	stem	ending	stem
Acc	stem		ending		stem		ending		stem		stem		ending		stem
Gen	stem	stem	ending	ending	stem	ending	ending	stem	ending	stem	stem	ending	ending	ending	ending	ending
Dat	stem	stem	ending	ending	stem	ending	ending	stem	ending	stem	stem	ending	ending	ending	ending	ending
Ins	stem	stem	ending	ending	stem	ending	ending	stem	ending	stem	stem	ending	ending	ending	ending	ending
Loc	stem	stem	ending	ending	stem	ending	ending	stem	ending	stem	stem	ending	ending	ending	ending	ending
Voc		stem		ending		ending		stem		stem		stem		stem		stem
Example	banán (banán)		brat (brat)		čort (čort)		vodá (vodá)		seredá (seredá)		smertь (smertʹ)		щoká (ščoká)		ruká (ruká)

NOTE: Boldfaced cases differ from the other cases in the same number (singular or plural).

The accusative plural is left out in the above table because it is derived from either the nominative plural, genitive plural or both, depending on the noun's animacy. The vocative singular is left out because it is frequently stem-stressed even when the remaining singular cases are ending-stressed. (Whether or not this special case applies depends on the particular declension and sometimes other factors.)

An example needing the stress pattern specified is kavún (kavún, “watermelon”), with stress pattern b (genitive singular kavuná, nominative plural kavuní, etc.):

{{uk-ndecl|каву́н<b>}}

which produces

Some nouns are reducible, meaning they have an alternation between a vowel (o, e, є or occasionally і) before the final consonant in forms where the ending does not begin with a vowel, and no vowel in forms where the ending does begin with a vowel. The forms that use the unreduced stem variant are the nominative singular of masculine nouns; the accusative singular of inanimate masculine nouns; the genitive plural of feminine nouns in -a and -я, and of neuter nouns in general; and (theoretically) the nominative, accusative and instrumental singular of third-declension feminine nouns. All other forms use the reduced stem variant.

An example is svékor (svékor, “wife's father-in-law”), where most forms use a stem svekr- (genitive singular svékra, nominative plural svékri, etc.):

{{uk-ndecl|све́кор<*.pr>}}

which produces

If both a stress pattern and the reducible indicator need to be given, they should be combined, as with záєcь (zájecʹ, “hare”) (reduced stem zaйc-, genitive singular záйcя, nominative plural zaйcі́, etc.):

{{uk-ndecl|за́єць<c*.anml>}}

which produces

Multiple stress patterns can be given, comma-separated. An example needing this is gorі́lka (horílka, “vodka”), with nominative plural either gorі́lki (stem-stressed) or gorіlkí (ending-stressed):

{{uk-ndecl|горі́лка<a*,c*>}}

which produces

This noun is reducible because the genitive plural is gorі́lok or gorіlók.

The default stress pattern is as follows:

• The default is b in the following cases:
  1. The lemma is plural-only and ends in a stressed vowel (e.g. vustá (vustá, “mouth, lips”)).
  2. The lemma is masculine and ends in stressed -ó or -é (e.g. Petró (Petró, “Peter”)).
  3. The lemma is neuter and ends in stressed -я́ or -á (e.g. zdannя́ (zdannjá, “opinion”), porosя́ (porosjá, “piglet”), lošá (lošá, “foal”), іm'я́ (imʺjá, “name”)).
  4. The lemma is reducible and the stress is on the reducible vowel (e.g. zamók (zamók, “lock”), stіlécь (stilécʹ, “pencil”)).
• Otherwise, if the lemma ends in a stressed vowel (which includes all feminines, and all neuters in -ó and -é), the default is d.
• Otherwise, the default is a.

Reversed genitive plural stress

Several nouns have unexpected stress in the genitive plural. This could be controlled using an override, but because of its commonness, a shortcut is available using the code #. This code should be placed directly after the stress pattern, as with the reducible code *. If both * and # need to be given, either order is possible, but by convention the order *# should be used. Examples:

Examples:

1. óblastь (óblastʹ, “oblast, province”) is stem-stressed everywhere but in the genitive plural, which has the form oblastéй instead of expected *óblasteй. This can be specified as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|о́бласть<F.#>}}

which produces

2. máslo (máslo, “butter”) is stem-stressed in the singular and end-stressed in the plural (i.e. stress pattern c), except for the genitive plural, which has the form másel instead of expected *masél. This can be specified as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|ма́сло<c*#>}}

which produces

Here we also supply * to indicate that the noun is reducible (i.e. it has an extra vowel in the genitive plural, whose ending does not begin with a vowel).

3. golová (holová, “head”) mostly follows stress pattern d' (end-stressed in the singular except for the accusative singular, and stem-stressed in the plural), but has unexpected genitive plural golі́v instead of *gólіv or *gólov. Here, there is also an o-і vowel alternation, which is specified using the i code (described later). This can be specified as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|голова́<d'#.i>}}

which produces

Note that technically, the і in the genitive plural is part of the stem, and there is no ending. In the case where # calls for ending stress and there is no ending to be stressed, the stress moves onto the last syllable of the stem.

3. sestrá (sestrá, “sister”) follows stress pattern d and is reducible, hence the expected genitive plural is séster. This does occur, but so does the opposite-stress form sestér. To specify this, use a specification as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|сестра́<*,*#.pr>}}

which produces

Here we specify two stress indicators, * (reducible and with normal genitive plural stress) and *# (reducible with reversed genitive plural stress). Because the stress pattern itself is left out, it defaults to d (the default for feminines with ending stress in the lemma form). We also have to specify the animacy indicator pr because this is a personal noun (see the next section).

Adjectival indicator

To indicate that a noun declines as if it were an adjective, use +. An example is lю́tiй (ljútyj, “February”) (genitive singular lю́togo):

{{uk-ndecl|лю́тий<+>}}

which produces

Other indicators, such as animacy and number, can be included as necessary. An example is vagі́tna (vahítna, “pregnant woman”), which is a personal noun:

{{uk-ndecl|вагі́тна<+.pr>}}

which produces

Soft adjectival nouns will automatically be recognized by their ending, such as with maйbútnє (majbútnje, “the future”) (genitive singular maйbútnьogo):

{{uk-ndecl|майбу́тнє<+.sg>}}

which produces

Animacy

Animacy is specified using pr for personal nouns and anml for animal nouns. The code inan for inanimate nouns can be given, but is essentially never needed because nouns normally default to inanimate. The only exception is when the neuter variant code t is given; all such nouns refer to the young of animals, and default to anml animacy.

Examples:

1. banán (banán, “banana”) is inanimate, so the animacy doesn't need to be given:

{{uk-ndecl|бана́н<>}}

which produces

2. ríba (rýba, “fish”) is an animal noun, so the animacy code anml needs to be specified:

{{uk-ndecl|ри́ба<anml>}}

which produces

Note here that the accusative plural has two forms, one identical to the nominative plural and the other identical to the genitive plural; this is characteristic of animal nouns.

3. bіs (bis, “demon”) is a personal noun (human-like mythological creatures are considered personal; similarly, animal-like mythological creatures such as dragons are considered animal nouns). Thus the animacy code pr needs to be specified:

{{uk-ndecl|біс<pr>}}

which produces

Note here that the accusative singular and plural are identical to the genitive singular and plural, respectively. All personal nouns behave this way in the plural, and all masculine personal and animal nouns behave this way in the singular.

4. porosя́ (porosjá, “piglet”) is an animal noun of the t-stem type (genitive singular porosя́ti, nominative plural porosя́ta). Once t is specified, the animacy doesn't need to be given because code t implies animacy anml:

{{uk-ndecl|порося́<t>}}

which produces

5. dіvčá (divčá, “girl (endearing)”) is a personal noun of the t-stem type (genitive singular dіvčáti, nominative plural dіvčáta). Code t implies anml, so pr must be given:

{{uk-ndecl|дівча́<pr.t>}}

which produces

Number

By default, all nouns are singular/plural, including proper nouns. (Many proper nouns, such as names and surnames, have plural forms.) To indicate that a noun is singular-only, use sg, as with háos (xáos, “chaos, mess”):

{{uk-ndecl|ха́ос<sg>}}

which produces

Note that singular-only nouns are sometimes declined differently from singular/plural nouns. For example, for masculine nouns the genitive singular defaults to -u instead of -a, and the locative singular defaults to either -u or -і instead of just -і.

To indicate that a noun is plural-only, use pl and give the lemma in its plural form, as with vustá (vustá, “mouth, lips”):

{{uk-ndecl|вуста́<pl>}}

which produces

In the above case, the module automatically knows that the noun is neuter by its ending. However, if the lemma ends in -i or -і, you will have to give the gender explicitly (M or F), so that the module knows how to generate the genitive plural. If you are not sure of the gender, look for a related singular/plural noun or for cognate nouns in other languages (especially Russian), or base the gender on the genitive plural (M if the genitive plural ends in -іv, F if the genitive plural ends in nothing, in -ь or in -eй). An example is džúnglі (džúnhli, “jungle”), which should be indicated as masculine because its genitive plural is džúnglіv:

{{uk-ndecl|джу́нглі<M.pl>}}

which produces

Another example is konóplі (konópli, “hemp”), which is shown to be feminine by its genitive plural konopélь as well as by the cognate konoplя́ (konopljá) in Russian, which is singular/plural and feminine:

{{uk-ndecl|коно́плі<F.*#.pl>}}

which produces

Note here that the noun is reducible, with reversed genitive plural stress, as indicated by *#.

Some feminine plural-only nouns belong to the third declension, i.e. their singular equivalent would end in a consonant or -ь rather than -a or -я. This is shown most clearly by a genitive plural in -eй. An example is dvérі (dvéri, “door(s)”), with genitive plural dveréй (compare Ruski dverь (dverʹ)). This should be indicated using the code 3rd. This automatically implies F, which doesn't need to be given explicitly:

{{uk-ndecl|две́рі<#.pl.3rd.insplýma:mý>}}

which produces

Here, the genitive plural has reversed stress (dveréй instead of expected *dvéreй), and the instrumental plural is irregular.

Softness and hardness

Most of the time, whether a noun is soft, semisoft or hard can be determined automatically from the ending. Occasionally, however, this isn't the case (e.g. with nouns ending in -r). In addition, some nouns are hard in the singular and soft in the plural, or vice-versa. Special codes are provided for these cases.

By default, nouns in -r are hard. To specify that such a noun is soft, use soft. An example is bіblіotékar (bibliotékar, “librarian”) (genitive singular bіblіotékarя, nominative plural bіblіotékarі, etc.):

{{uk-ndecl|бібліоте́кар<pr.soft>}}

which produces

A few nouns in -r are semisoft, meaning they take endings similar to nouns that end in a hushing consonant (one of č ž š щ). An example is batя́r (batjár, “ruffian”) (genitive singular batяrá but instrumental singular batяrém, nominative plural batяrі́, etc.):

{{uk-ndecl|батя́р<b.pr.semisoft>}}

which produces

A fourth type of noun in -r is hard except for the nominative plural, which is -і rather than expected *-i. An example is komár (komár, “mosquito”). To indicate this type, use an override (see below):

{{uk-ndecl|кома́р<b.anml.nompli>}}

which produces

A small number of nouns are hard in the singular but soft in the plural, or vice-versa. These nouns generally have other irregularities, such as having a different stem in the plural. An example is drug (druh, “friend”), which has soft endings in the plural based off of a stem druz- (nominative plural drúzі, instrumental plural drúzяmi, etc.):

{{uk-ndecl|друг<pr.plsoft.plstem:друз.voce>}}

which produces

Here we specify:

1. pr to indicate that this is a personal noun (accusative singular and plural are the same as the genitive singular and plural, respectively);
2. plsoft to indicate that this noun has soft endings in the plural;
3. plstem:друз to specify the irregular plural stem;
4. voce to override the vocative singular, giving it an ending -e instead of the normal ending -u for nouns ending in a velar. (This automatically triggers the Slavic first palatalization, giving the form drúže. See below under automatic palatalization of velars.)

Vowel alternations

Similar to reducible alternations, some nouns have alternations between і and either o or e. Generally the і appears in the last syllable of a word with an ending not beginning with a vowel (similar to the reducible variant where a fill vowel is present), and the o or e appears in its place with an ending beginning with a vowel (similar to the reducible variant with no fill vowel). The cognate words in Russian and Polish generally have an o or e in all forms, showing that the і is a Ukrainian-specific development. An example is óbіd (óbid, “rim”), with genitive singular óboda, nominative plural óbodi, etc. This is indicated using io to specify that an і in the lemma changes into an o in forms with an ending beginning with a vowel:

{{uk-ndecl|о́бід<io>}}

which produces

In some nouns, the sequence lі changes to lьo rather than lo. To indicate this change, use ijo, as in vertolі́t (vertolít, “helicopter”), with genitive singular vertolьóta:

{{uk-ndecl|вертолі́т<ijo>}}

which produces

Examples of other nouns with this change are lіd (lid, “ice”), kólіr (kólir, “color”). Note that in some nouns, lі changes to lo, e.g. plіd (plid, “fruit”), plіt (plit, “raft”), glіd (hlid, “hawthorn”), barlі́g (barlíh, “bear's lair”).

To indicate that the і changes into an e, use ie, as in vedmі́dь (vedmídʹ, “bear”), with genitive singular vedmédя:

{{uk-ndecl|ведмі́дь<M.anml.ie>}}

which produces

The code ie should also be used for nouns with orthographic ї that changes into є, as in Kíїv (Kýjiv, “Kyiv”), with genitive singular Kíєva:

{{uk-ndecl|Ки́їв<sg.ie.datu>}}

which produces

(datu is a specific form override.)

Feminines in -a and -я, and neuters in -o, -e and -я, that have a vowel alternation will have it in the opposite direction, with an o or e in the lemma changing into an і in the genitive plural. This should be indicated using i, as in škóla (škóla, “school”), with genitive plural škіl:

{{uk-ndecl|шко́ла<i>}}

which produces

Note that feminines ending in a consonant or in -ь will have the same sort of alternation as in masculines, for example rіč (rič, “thing”) with genitive réčі:

{{uk-ndecl|річ<F.e.ie>}}

which produces

Such nouns have the і variant not only in the nominative and accusative singular but also in the instrumental singular, here rі́ččю.

Some reducible masculine nouns have an o or e in the lemma that changes into an і in most other forms, the opposite of the pattern of the majority of masculine nouns. An example is vdovécь (vdovécʹ, “widower”), with genitive singular vdіvcя́:

{{uk-ndecl|вдове́ць<*.pr.i>}}

which produces

Special variants

There are various miscellaneous codes that can be used to indicate special variant declensions.

Nouns in -in

Some nouns in -in lose this ending in the plural. An example is kiя́nin (kyjányn, “Kyivan”) (nominative plural kiя́ni). For these nouns, use in:

{{uk-ndecl|кия́нин<pr.in>}}

which produces

These nouns have an empty genitive plural ending in place of normal -іv (e.g. kiя́n).

If the stress is on the ending, it automatically moves to the preceding syllable in the plural. An example is hristiяnín (xrystyjanýn, “Christian”) (nominative plural hristiя́ni). See #Spec alternations#spec alternations for an example showing how this noun is declined.

Third-declension feminine nouns

Third-declension feminine nouns are those whose singular ends in -ь or a consonant rather than -я or -a. Normally this is autodetected, but this is not possible in the plural, where the ending -і is the same as for nouns ending in -я. To indicate this type of noun, use 3rd. See the section on number for an example.

Surnames

Use surname to indicate that the noun is a surname, in which case the vocative singular can be the same as the nominative singular in addition to its normal form. An example is Яnukóvič (Janukóvyč, “Yanukovych”):

{{uk-ndecl|Януко́вич<surname>}}

which produces

The use of surname automatically implies pr, since surnames almost always refer to people and hence are personal nouns.

t-stem neuters

Use t to indicate a t-stem neuter noun, i.e. a neuter noun that ends in -я and has a stem -яt in most forms. An example is яgnя́ (jahnjá, “lamb”) (genitive singular яgnя́ti, nominative plural яgnя́ta):

{{uk-ndecl|ягня́<t>}}

which produces

Note that t automatically implies anml and N, as nouns of this form are always neuter and usually refer to the young of animals. An exception where animacy pr needs to be given is dіvčá (divčá, “girl (endearing)”), which is a personal t-stem neuter; see animacy for the declension of this noun. Another such exception is kurčáta (kurčáta, “small cracks in the weathered skin of the feet, hands or face”) (literally "young chickens"; plural of kurčá (kurčá, “chick, young chicken”)). This can be indicated as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|курча́та<pl.inan.t>}}

which produces

en-stem neuters

Use en to indicate an en-stem neuter noun, i.e. a neuter noun that ends in -m'я and has an alternative stem -en in most forms. An example is vím'я (výmʺja, “udder”) with alternative genitive/dative/locative singular vímenі and alternative instrumental singular vímenem:

{{uk-ndecl|ви́м'я<en>}}

which produces

As with t, en automatically implies N.

Stem overrides

Some nouns have an irregular stem compared with the lemma, either in all forms whose ending begins with a vowel or in all plural forms. An example of the former is tíždenь (týždenʹ, “week”), with stem tižn- (e.g. genitive singular tížnя, nominative plural tížnі). To specify this, use stem:STEM:

{{uk-ndecl|ти́ждень<M.*.stem:тижн>}}

which produces

Note here that we specify * to indicate a reducible noun, even though we override the stem. It's not actually necessary to specify *, but it affects the categorization and what is displayed in the title bar.

Some nouns, especially neuter nouns, have a distinct stem in the plural. An example is dérevo (dérevo, “tree”), with plural stem derév- (note the stress), e.g. nominative plural deréva. To specify this, use plstem:STEM:

{{uk-ndecl|де́рево<plstem:дере́в>}}

which produces

Specific form overrides

Specific forms can be overridden. The way to specify this is either SLOTENDING:ENDING:... to specify the ending(s) of a given slot (i.e. a case/number combination), SLOT:FORM:FORM:... to specify the whole form(s) of a given slot. Note the difference: When specifying endings, attach the ending(s) directly to the slot name, while when specifying forms, separate the slot name and form(s) with a colon. In both cases, separate endings and forms from each other using a colon. The endings and forms can be given either using Cyrillic letters or transliterated Roman letters; in the latter case, the Roman letters are reverse-transliterated to get the Cyrillic. The use of Roman letters is conventional when specifying endings, because these sorts of overrides are much more frequent than full form overrides, and Roman letters are easier to type when the slot name is also written using Roman letters.

Ending overrides

An example override is genu, which specifies that the genitive singular ends in -u (transliterated -u). This particular override is extremely frequent, as entire classes of masculine nouns require genitive in -u instead of the default -a. An example is vokzál (vokzál, “train station”):

{{uk-ndecl|вокза́л<genu>}}

which produces

Normally, an ending override overrides the ending itself but not the stress pattern, which remains as it would normally be. For example, when genu is used with a noun of stress pattern b, the ending will be stressed, as is normal for this stress pattern. An example is bur'я́n (burʺján, “weed”):

{{uk-ndecl|бур'я́н<b.genu>}}

which produces

To explicitly specify ending stress, place an accent on the ending, as with vid (vyd, “face, appearance”), which is stem-stressed (pattern a) except that it has an irregular locative vidú:

{{uk-ndecl|вид<genu.locú>}}

which produces

To explicitly specify stem stress when the stress pattern calls for ending stress, place an accent on the vowel of the slot name, as with sud (sud, “court (of law)”), which is ending-stressed (pattern b) except that it has an irregular genitive súdu:

{{uk-ndecl|суд<b.génu>}}

which produces

As mentioned above, separate multiple endings with a colon, as with očerét (očerét, “reed”), which irregularly has locative singular either očerétu or očerétі and nominative plural either očeréta or očeréti:

{{uk-ndecl|очере́т<locu:i.nompla:y>}}

which produces

In more complicated cases, a given slot can be listed more than once. For example, stіl (stil, “table”) mostly follows stress pattern b, but has irregular genitive either stolá or stólu. This can be specified as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|стіл<b.io.gena.génu.loci:u>}}

which produces

Note that for clarity, the genitive singular overrides could also be given as gená.génu to make the stress pattern of these forms completely clear.

Full overrides

Most irregularities in Ukrainian nouns involve irregular endings, but occasionally an irregular stem appears as well. If the irregular stem appears throughout the plural, or throughout the singular and plural except for the lemma, a stem override can be used (see above), but if the irregular stem is in only one or two forms, a full form override must be used. An example is stattя́ (stattjá, “article, item”), with irregular genitive plural statéй:

{{uk-ndecl|стаття́<F.b.genpl:стате́й>}}

which produces

Here we specify the gender F (otherwise the noun would be inferred as neuter), and the stress pattern b (otherwise the noun would be inferred as pattern d).

Another example involving the genitive plural is vіvcя́ (vivcjá, “sheep”), with irregular genitive plural ovécь:

{{вівця́<*.anml.genpl:ове́ць>}}

which produces

Null and missing overrides

To specify that a given form has a null ending, use - as the ending. An example is hozár (xozár, “Khazar”), which has genitive plural either hozár (with a null ending) or hozárіv (with the regular ending -іv):

{{хоза́р<pr.genpl-:iv>}}

which produces

When - is used in a full override, it indicates that this particular form is entirely missing. An example is agá (ahá, “aga, agha (Turkish honorific)”), which per Goroh Slovozmina has no genitive plural:

{{uk-ndecl|ага́<b.pr.genpl:->}}

which produces

Note the difference between this and the preceding example. This example uses a full override (colon directly follows genpl), while the preceding example uses an ending override (no colon directly after genpl).

Missing overrides can be useful in spec alternations in place of a full or ending override, when the other of the two alternatives in the alternation already specifies all the possible forms for a given slot. See more complex examples for an example of this.

Overrides and derived forms

Certain forms are derived from others, in that the forms in one slot are copied to another slot. Specifically:

• The accusative plural of all nouns is derived from either the nominative singular, the genitive singular or both, depending on animacy.
• The vocative plural of all nouns is derived from the nominative plural.
• The accusative singular of masculine nouns is derived from either the nominative singular or genitive singular, depending on animacy.
• The vocative singular of surnames (those with the surname code) is derived from the nominative singular in addition to whatever the form would normally be.

This has implications for overrides. Specifically, overrides of source slots (nominative singular, genitive singular, nominative plural, genitive plural) are implemented ***before*** copying to derived slots, but overrides of derived slots (accusative singular, accusative plural, vocative singular, vocative plural) are implemented ***after*** copying. This means that overrides of source slots such as the nominative and genitive plural will automatically be propagated to the slots derived from them, but overrides of derived slots is still possible.

For example, in the preceding example with vіvcя́ (vivcjá, “sheep”), where a genitive plural override ovécь was given, the accusative plural will also have ovécь as one of the two possibilities (along with vі́vcі, derived from the nominative plural). Similarly, in the earlier example above with očerét (očerét, “reed”), where a nominative plural ending override nompla:y is given to specify that the nominative plural should be either očeréta or očeréti, both forms will also be found in the accusative and vocative plural.

An example of overriding a derived slot is pan (pan, “lord, sir”), which has an irregular alternative vocative plural panóve as well as the regular vocative plural paní derived from the nominative plural. This can be specified as follows:

{{пан<c.pr.locovi:u.vocply:ove>}}

which produces

Slot names for overrides

The slot names are as follows:

Case	Singular	Accented variant	Plural	Accented variant
Nominative	nom	nóm	nompl	nómpl
Genitive	gen	gén	genpl	génpl
Dative	dat	dát	datpl	dátpl
Accusative	acc	ácc	accpl	áccpl
Instrumental	ins	íns	inspl	ínspl
Locative	loc	lóc	locpl	lócpl
Vocative	voc	vóc	vocpl	vócpl

Automatic palatalization of velars

Certain endings, when used as overrides (as well as when they are the default), automatically trigger the Slavic first palatalization or Slavic second palatalization of velar consonants. Specifically:

• The ending -e in the vocative singular triggers the Slavic first palatalization.
• The ending -і in the dative or locative singular triggers the Slavic second palatalization.

The palatalizations are as follows:

Letter	First palatalization	Second palatalization
k	č	c
g	ž	z
h	š	s
c	č	c

An example is čolovі́k (čolovík, “man”). The default vocative singular ending for masculines ending in a velar is -u, but this noun has vocative singular čolovі́če. To specify this, just use a regular ending override voce, and the first palatalization will automatically apply, converting k into č:

{{uk-ndecl|чолові́к<pr.voce>}}

which produces

Another example is rіg (rih, “horn (object)”). The default locative singular ending for inanimate masculines ending in a velar is -u, but this noun has locative singular rózі. As above, use a regular ending override loci, and the second palatalization will automatically apply:

{{uk-ndecl|ріг<io.loci>}}

which produces

Default forms for specific slots

The rules for which endings are used by default in specific slots (e.g. locative singular) are fairly complicated. This is because Ukrainian nouns are complex, often with multiple possible endings allowed for a given slot and with many exceptions.

Genitive singular

• Masculine nouns default to -a (or -я for soft nouns) in most cases, but default to -u (or -ю for soft nouns) in singular-only common nouns (not singular-only proper nouns). The default of -a/-я is correct for essentially all animate nouns, and the default of -u/-ю is correct for almost all singular-only common nouns. However, there are many inanimate singular/plural common nouns, and many inanimate proper nouns, that need a genu or genju override. The particular ending used is a function of the semantic category of the noun. For example, names of cities use -a/-я, but names of states and countries use -u/-ю; words referring to most types of objects use -a/-я, but words referring to materials use -u/-ю. Hence, Alžír (Alžýr, “Algiers”) (a city) uses -a, but Alžír (Alžýr, “Algeria”) (a country) uses -u, and rіg (rih, “horn (object)”) uses -a, but rіg (rih, “horn (material)”) uses -u.

Locative singular

The rules for the locative singular of masculine nouns are quite complex.

• For velar-stem nouns:
  1. Animate nouns use either -ovі or -u.
  2. Reducible inanimate nouns also use either -ovі or -u.
  3. Non-reducible inanimate nouns use -u.
• For non-velar hard-stem nouns:
  1. Animate nouns use either -ovі or -і.
  2. Inanimate singular-only nouns use either -u or -і.
  3. Inanimate singular/plural nouns use -і.
• For soft-stem nouns:
  1. Animate nouns use either -evі, -ю or -і.
  2. Inanimate nouns use either -ю or -і.
• Semisoft-stem nouns are analogous to soft-stem nouns:
  1. Animate nouns use either -evі, -u or -і.
  2. Inanimate nouns use either -u or -і.

Vocative singular

FILL IN

Genitive plural

FILL IN

Spec alternations

Some nouns have declensions with multiple possible stress patterns, or which appear to be composed of the union of multiple individual declensions. This can be handled using a spec alternation. A basic example is apóstrof (apóstrof, “apostrophe”), also stressable as apostróf (apostróf):

{{uk-ndecl|((апо́строф<>,апостро́ф<>))}}

which produces

Note the format: Two (or more) full declension specifications, comma-separated, surrounded by double parentheses.

If both declensions overlap in some forms, the forms will be deduplicated, and will only appear once. For example, hristiя́nin (xrystyjányn) has nominative plural hristiя́ni (where -in disappears in the plural), and has an alternative stress pattern hristiяnín (xrystyjanýn), with the same nominative plural hristiя́ni (here again, -in disppears in the plural, and since it is stressed, the stress moves onto the previous syllable). This can be specified as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|((христия́нин<pr.in>,християни́н<pr.in>))}}

which produces

Note how the plural has only one form per slot.

There is no requirement that the lemmas in the two alternative specifications have different stress patterns, or that the associated specifications inside of <...> are the same. For example, stúpіnь (stúpinʹ, “step”) has two alternative declensions, one with an і -> e alternation (genitive singular stúpenя) and the other with vowel reduction (genitive singular stúpnя). This can be specified as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|((сту́пінь<M.ie>,сту́пінь<M.*>))}}

which produces

Footnotes

Footnotes can be attached in any of the following three places:

• Onto an entire spec, applying to all forms generated by that spec. This is most useful when multiple alternative specs are used in a spec alternation.
• Onto a stress pattern, applying to all forms generated by the stress pattern.
• Onto an individual override, applying to that form.

An example is pérstenь (pérstenʹ, “ring”), where the normal stem used in most forms is persn-. Regular forms using the stem pérsten- also exist but are rare. Specify this as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|((пе́рстень<M.*.stem:персн>,пе́рстень<M.[rare]>))}}

which produces

Here, we attach a footnote "rare" to the second of two specs in a spec alternation. The effect of this is that all forms generated by the second spec that are ***not*** also present in the first spec will have this footnote. (Hence, nominative and accusative singular pérstenь will not have it.)

Another example that attaches a footnote to a single override is with vіk (vik, “age, lifetime”), which has two locative singular forms, vі́cі (used with u (u)) and vіkú (used with na (na)). To indicate this, we can attach a footnote to the second form as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|вік<sg.loci:ú[''ві́ці'' is normally used with {{m|uk|у}}, and ''віку́'' with {{m|uk|на}}]>}}

which produces

Note that nested brackets, angle brackets, braces, etc. can occur inside the footnote as long as they are properly paired.

More complex examples

1. štaní (štaný, “trousers, pants”) has the following forms:

• Nominative/accusative/vocative plural: štaní
• Genitive plural: štanі́v
• Dative plural: štánяm, štanám
• Instrumental plural: štánяmi, štanámi, štanьmí
• Locative plural: štánяh, štanáh

The dative, instrumental and locative plural have both soft and hard endings, with different stress patterns. This suggests that a spec alternation could be used. Since the nominative plural only has hard endings, the soft alternative needs to use a soft-ending lemma and override the nominative plural. The result is as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|((шта́ні<M.#.pl.nompl:->,штани́<M.pl.insplamy:ьmy>))}}

which produces

The first alternative captures the soft stem-stressed forms, with a missing nominative plural override (see null and missing overrides above) and the reversed genitive-stress indicator #. The second alternative captures the hard ending-stressed forms, and specifies an instrumental plural override to capture the additional form štanьmí.

2. čóbіt (čóbit, “boot”) has mostly regular forms in the singular, with an і-o vowel alternation (e.g. genitive singular čóbota) but has irregular locative singular čóbotu, čóbotі as well as the following forms in the plural:

• Nominative/accusative/vocative plural: čóboti
• Genitive plural: čobі́t
• Dative plural: čóbotam, čobótяm
• Instrumental plural: čóbotami, čobіtьmí
• Locative plural: čóbotah, čobótяh

It is possible to use a spec alternation as in the previous example (where the second alternative uses plsoft and plstem:чобо́т), but in this case it may be simpler just to explicitly specify the irregular plural forms using full overrides:

{{uk-ndecl|чо́біт<io.locu:i.genpl:чобі́т.datpl:чо́ботам:чобо́тям.insplamy:ьmý.locpl:чо́ботах:чобо́тях>}}

which produces

Note the use of an ending override in the instrumental plural. Since the specified instrumental plural ending -ьmí does not begin with a vowel, the non-vowel alternant with і instead of o is used. A full override would also be possible; conversely, an ending override could be used in the genitive plural, with a reversed genitive-plural stress indicator, i.e. #.genpl-.

The shortest equivalent using a spec alternation would be as follows:

{{uk-ndecl|((чо́біт<io.#.locu:i.genpl->,чо́біт<io.plsoft.plstem:чобо́т.nompl:-.genpl:-.insplьmý>))}}

Note that this is even longer than the specification using full overrides, and harder to understand.