Додатак:Ruski izgovor
Appearance
See Russian phonology at Wikipedia for a thorough look at the sounds of Russian.
Consonants
[uredi]Basic consonants as in the alphabet:
# | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Letter | b | p | v | f | g | k | d | t | ž | š | z | s | й | l | m | n | r | h | c | č | щ |
WT:RU TR | b | p | v | f | g | k | d | t | ž | š | z | s | j | l | m | n | r | x | c | č | šč |
IPA | b | p | v | f | g | k | d | t | ʐ | ʂ | z | s | j | l | m | n | r | x | t͡s | t͡ɕ | ɕː |
Palatalisation
[uredi]Palatalised ("soft") consonants: bʲ, pʲ, vʲ, fʲ, gʲ, kʲ dʲ, tʲ, zʲ, sʲ, lʲ, mʲ, nʲ, rʲ, xʲ, (t͡sʲ). [j], [t͡ɕ] and [ɕː] are always palatalised ("soft"), [ʐ] and [ʂ] are almost always unpalatalised ("hard").
Palatalisation for other consonants typically occurs:
- In front of vowels: "e", "ё", "i", "ю", "я" and in front of "ь" ("soft sign"), see also note on "ь" as a "separation sign".
- E.g.: vrémя [ˈvrʲemʲə], rebёnok [rʲɪˈbʲɵnək], pitánie [pʲɪˈtanʲɪjə], kolю́čka [kɐˈlʲʉt͡ɕkə], prя́nik [ˈprʲænʲɪk], denь [dʲenʲ]
- Many loanwords are NOT palatalised in front of "e" (= э), e.g., "test" (= tэst) is pronounced [tɛst]. ("e" is then pronounced [ɛ] in stressed positions, [ɨ] in unstressed positions)
TO DO
Vowels
[uredi]Basic vowels as in the alphabet:
# | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-palatal letter | Palatal letter | |||||||||
a | э | ы | o | u | я | e | i | ё | ю | |
WT:RU TR | a | ɛ | y | o | u | ja | e | i | jo | ju |
IPA (when stressed) | a | ɛ | ɨ | o | u | ʲa, ʲæ | ʲe | ʲi | ʲɵ | ʲu, ʲʉ |
IPA (directly before the stress) | ɐ | ɨ | ɨ | ɐ | ʊ | ʲɪ, ʲə | ʲɪ | ʲɪ | ʲɵ | ʲʊ, ʲʉ |
IPA (other unstressed positions) | ə | ɪ | ə |
NOTES:
- The difference between "palatal" and "non-palatal" vowels is actually their effect on a preceding consonant. Palatal vowels palatalize a preceding consonant, while non-palatal vowels don't. If no consonant directly precedes (i.e. either at the beginning of a word, following a vowel or following a soft or hard sign), a /j/ is pronounced before the palatal vowels, e.g., voénnый (vojénnyj, “military, martial”) is pronounced [vɐˈjenːɨj]. This /j/, however, is omitted in some situations: (1) with palatal i (stressed or unstressed), except when following the soft sign ь (hence igrá (igrá, “game”) is pronounced [ɪˈɡra], and vóin (vóin, “soldier”) is pronounced [ˈvoɪn]); (2) optionally with other palatal vowels when unstressed and following a vowel (hence póяs (pójas, “belt”) is pronounced [ˈpo(j)ɪs]).
- The two pronunciations of я and ю are related to what follows: If a palatalized consonant follows, the second-listed, more-fronted pronunciations [ʲæ, ʲʉ] are used; otherwise, the first-listed, less-fronted pronunciations [ʲa, ʲu] are used. When я is unstressed, no such difference exists but it still does with unstressed ю.
- Unstressed o and a are always pronounced [ɐ] when word-initial and when directly following another unstressed o or a, regardless of the position of the stress.
- Unstressed э when word-initial and when following a vowel is pronounced [ɪ], exactly as for i in the same position.
See also
[uredi]- Appendix:Russian alphabet (Letters of the Russian alphabet, sounds (IPA), and their transliteration
- Wiktionary:About Russian
- Wiktionary:Russian transliteration
- Appendix:Russian pronunciation/imported