Додатак:Portugalski izgovor
This page is a guide for reading and adding Portuguese IPA pronunciations. Unless noted otherwise, the information here refers only to Standard European Portuguese and Standard Brazilian Portuguese.
Foneme
[uredi]The transcriptions in the second column are non-canonical and should be replaced by those in the first one.
| canonical transcription |
other broad transcriptions |
orthographical representation |
narrow transcriptions |
notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | a, á, à | [a], [ä] | ||
| /ɐ/ | /ə/, /ɜ/, /ʌ/ | a, â | [ə], [ɜ], [ɐ] | |
| /ɐ̃/ | /ə̃/, /ɜ̃/ | ã, â, am, an, âm, ân | [ə̃], [ɜ̃], [ɐ̃] [ə̃ⁿ], [ɜ̃ⁿ], [ɐ̃ⁿ] [əə̯̃], [ɜə̯̃], [ɐə̯̃] [əə̯̃ⁿ], [ɜə̯̃ⁿ], [ɐə̯̃ⁿ] |
|
| /ɛ/ | e, é | [ɛ] | ||
| /e/ | e, ê | [e] | ||
| /ẽ/ | em, en, ên, êm, ém | [ẽ], [ẽⁿ], [eə̯̃], [eə̯̃ⁿ] | the /j̃/ that follows /ẽ/ in some cases needs to be transcribed separately | |
| /ɨ/ | /ɯ/, /ə/ | e, i | [ɯ̽] | European Portuguese |
| /i/ | /ɪ/ | i, e | [i], [ɪ] | |
| /ɔ/ | o, ó | [ɔ] | ||
| /o/ | o, ô | [o] | ||
| /õ/ | õ, om, on, ôm, ôn | [õ], [õⁿ], [oə̯̃] [oə̯̃ⁿ], [õʊ̯̃], [õw̃] |
||
| /u/ | /ʊ/ | o, u, ú | [u], [ʊ] | should not be used for /w/ |
| /ũ/ | um, un, úm, úm | [ũ], [ũⁿ], [uw̃] | ||
| /m/ | m | [m] | ||
| /n/ | n | [n̪] | ||
| /ɲ/ | /j̃/ | nh | [ɲ], [j̃], [ɲ̟] | |
| /p/ | p | [p] | ||
| /b/ | b | [b], [β] | [β] allophone appears only in European Portuguese | |
| /t/ | t | [t̪] | ||
| /d/ | d | [d̪], [ð] | [ð] allophone appears only in European Portuguese | |
| /k/ | c, qu, k | [k] | ||
| /ɡ/ | /g/ replace g with ɡ, invalid IPA characters (g) | g, gu | [g] replace g with ɡ, invalid IPA characters (g), [ɣ] | [ɣ] allophone appears only in European Portuguese |
| /t͡ʃ/ | /tʃ/ | t, tch | [t͡ʃʷ], [t͡ɕʷ] | Brazilian Portuguese; usually considered an allophone of /t/ |
| /d͡ʒ/ | /dʒ/ | d, dj | [d͡ʒʷ], [d͡ʑʷ] | Brazilian Portuguese; usually considered an allophone of /d/ |
| /f/ | f | [f] | ||
| /v/ | v | [v] | ||
| /s/ | s, ss, ç, z, x | [s] | ||
| /z/ | s, z, x | [z] | ||
| /ʃ/ | x, ch, s | [ʃʷ], [ɕʷ] | ||
| /ʒ/ | j, g, s | [ʒʷ], [ʑʷ] | ||
| /ʁ/ | /r/, /h/, /x/, /χ/, /ř/ | r, rr | [ʁ], [ʀ], [r], [h] [ɹ], [ɻ], [ɾ], [χ] |
|
| /ɾ/ | /r/ | r | [ɾ] | |
| /l/ | l | [l], [ɫ] | ||
| /ʎ/ | lh | [ʎ], [ʎ̟] | ||
| /w/ | /u/, /ʊ/, /u̯/, /ʊ̯/, /ʷ/ | u, l, o, ü | [w], [u̯], [ʊ̯] | |
| /w̃/ | /w/, /u/, /ʊ/, /u̯/, /ʊ̯/ /ũ/, /ʊ̃/, /ũ̯/, /ʊ̯̃/ |
o | [w̃], [ũ̯], [ʊ̯̃] | usually considered an allophone of /w/ following a nasal vowel |
| /j/ | /i/, /i̯/, /ɪ̯/, /ɪ/, /ʲ/ | i | [j], [i̯], [ɪ̯] | |
| /j̃/ | Lua greška in Modul:parameter_utilities at line 748: Item 1 in the list of numeric parameters cannot be empty, because the list must be contiguous.. /ĩ/, /ĩ̯/, /ɪ̯̃/, /ɪ̃/ |
e, i, ∅ | [j̃], [ĩ̯], [ɪ̯̃] | usually considered an allophone of /j/ following a nasal vowel |
Issues
[uredi]Alternative pronunciations
[uredi]| context | standard treatment | example |
|---|---|---|
| in European Portuguese, /ɐj/ alternates with /ej/ | each case is listed individually | queijo → /ˈkɐj.ʒu/, /ˈkej.ʒu/ |
| unstressed /i/, /u/ sometimes become /j/, /w/ when followed by another vowel, especially in relaxed, less formal pronunciation | each case is listed individually | águia → /ˈa.ɡi.ɐ/, /ˈa.ɡjɐ/ |
| in extra-careful Brazilian pronunciation, word-final vowel reduction is sometimes undone; usually /ɐ/ becomes /a/, more rarely /u/ becomes /o/ and /i/ becomes /e/ | not indicated | casa → /ˈka.zɐ/, not /ˈka.za/ |
| /lj/, /nj/ become /ʎ/, /ɲ/ in careless pronunciation | only indicated when it is relatively common | família → /fa.ˈmi.li.ɐ/, /fa.ˈmi.ljɐ/, /fa.ˈmi.ʎɐ/ |
| mid-word /o/ and /e/ sometimes become /u/ and /i/ in Brazilian Portuguese, often due to vowel harmony | each case is listed individually | dormir → /doʁ.ˈmi(ʁ)/, /duʁ.ˈmi(ʁ)/ |
| for some Brazilian speakers, a vowel becomes slightly nasalised preceding a nasal consonant | not indicated | dono → /ˈdo.nu/, not /ˈdõ.nu/ |
| semivowels between vowels are geminated | not indicated | caia → /ˈkaj.ɐ/, not /ˈkaj.jɐ/ |
| /k/ and /ɡ/ followed by /w/ may be pronounced as a rounded consonant | not indicated | quando → /ˈkwɐ̃.du/, not /ˈkʷɐ̃.du/ |
| /e/, /i/ invalid IPA characters (//) is sometimes dropped from words with the sequence esc- | each case is listed individually | escudo → /iʃ.ˈku.du/, not /ˈʃku.du/ |
Dropped and intrusive phonemes
[uredi]| context | standard treatment | example |
|---|---|---|
| in less formal Brazilian pronunciations, /j/ is dropped from /ej/ before certain consonants | parentheses | manteiga → /mɐ̃.ˈte(j).ɡɐ/ |
| in less formal pronunciations, /j/ is dropped before /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ | parentheses | caixa → /ˈka(j).ʃɐ/ |
| in European Portuguese, /j/ is added before /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ | parentheses | seja → /ˈsɐ(j).ʒɐ/ |
| in less formal Brazilian pronunciations, final /ʁ/ is dropped from certain verb forms | parentheses | fazer → /fa.ˈze(ʁ)/ |
| in less formal Brazilian pronunciations, /j/ is added before stressed, word-final /s/ that is not a desinence | parentheses | francês → /fɾɐ̃.ˈse(j)s/ |
| in careless pronunciation, /j/ after a palatal is dropped | not indicated | régio → /ˈʁɛ.ʒi.u/, /ˈʁɛ.ʒju/ |
| /w/ may or may not be maintained in the diphthong /ow/ | parentheses | sou → /ˈso(w)/ |
Stress
[uredi]- Monosyllabic words should include a stress mark if they are stressed in sentences (si → /ˈsi/ but se → /si/).
- Secondary stress marks are optional, but recommended.
Sandhi
[uredi]Sandhi should not be noted in pronunciations of individual words, as it is entirely predictable.
Notes
[uredi]- Due to the recentness of this page’s creation, not every entry conforms to its guidelines. Users are encouraged to correct nonstandard IPA transcriptions, tag them with
{{attention|pt|nonstandard pronunciation}}, or inform another user about them. - Some symbols are used in broad transcriptions even though they are usually considered allophones of another phoneme. The reasons for this are: they are traditionally used in broad transcriptions by other resources; preventing users from sounding foreign when not using that allophone sounds incorrect; in exceptional instances they are a distinct phoneme.